Claude Perrault, with Louis Le Vau and Charles Lebrun Claude Perrault, with Louis Le Vau and Charles Lebrun. east facade of the Louvre, Paris. 1667–70. © Achim Bednorz, Koln. [Fig. 20-1] Claude Perrault, with Louis Le Vau and Charles Lebrun. east facade of the Louvre, Paris. 1667–70. © Achim Bednorz, Koln. [Fig. 20-1]

Nicolas Poussin. Landscape with St. John on Patmos. 1640. Oil on canvas. 40 × 53-1/2 in. A. A. Munger Collection, 1930.500. The Art Institute of Chicago. Photography © The Art Institute of Chicago. [Fig. 20-2] Nicolas Poussin. Landscape with St. John on Patmos. 1640. Oil on canvas. 40 × 53-1/2 in. A. A. Munger Collection, 1930.500. The Art Institute of Chicago. Photography © The Art Institute of Chicago. [Fig. 20-2]

Peter Paul Rubens. The Disembarkation of Marie de’ Medici at the Port of Marseilles on November 3, 1600. 1621-25. Oil on canvas. 13 × 10 ft. Erich Lessing / Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 20-3] Peter Paul Rubens. The Disembarkation of Marie de’ Medici at the Port of Marseilles on November 3, 1600. 1621-25. Oil on canvas. 13 × 10 ft. Erich Lessing / Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 20-3]

Jean-Honoré Fragonard. Bathers. c. 1765. Oil on canvas Jean-Honoré Fragonard. Bathers. c. 1765. Oil on canvas. 25-1/4 × 31-1/2 in. Scala / Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 20-4] Jean-Honoré Fragonard. Bathers. c. 1765. Oil on canvas. 25-1/4 × 31-1/2 in. Scala / Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 20-4]

Marie-Louise-Elisabeth Vigée-Lebrun. The Duchess of Polignac. 1783 Marie-Louise-Elisabeth Vigée-Lebrun. The Duchess of Polignac. 1783. Oil on canvas. 38-3/4 × 28 in. Bridgeman-Giraudon/Art Resource, N.Y. [Fig. 20-5] Marie-Louise-Elisabeth Vigée-Lebrun. The Duchess of Polignac. 1783. Oil on canvas. 38-3/4 × 28 in. Bridgeman-Giraudon/Art Resource, N.Y. [Fig. 20-5]

François Boucher. Le Chinois galant. 1742. Oil on canvas. 41 × 57 in François Boucher. Le Chinois galant. 1742. Oil on canvas. 41 × 57 in. The David Collection, inv.B275. Photo: Pernille Klemp. [Fig. 20-6] François Boucher. Le Chinois galant. 1742. Oil on canvas. 41 × 57 in. The David Collection, inv.B275. Photo: Pernille Klemp. [Fig. 20-6]

Jean Denis Attiret. The Presentation of Uigur Captives, from Battle Scenes of the Quelling of Rebellions in the Western Regions, with Imperial Poems. c. 1765–74; poem dated 1760. Etching, mounted in album form, 16 leaves plus 2 additional leaves of inscriptions. 20 × 73-5/8 in. © The Cleveland Museum of Art, John L. Severance Fund. 1998.103.14. [Fig. 20-7] Jean Denis Attiret. The Presentation of Uigur Captives, from Battle Scenes of the Quelling of Rebellions in the Western Regions, with Imperial Poems. c. 1765–74; poem dated 1760. Etching, mounted in album form, 16 leaves plus 2 additional leaves of inscriptions. 20 × 73-5/8 in. © The Cleveland Museum of Art, John L. Severance Fund. 1998.103.14. [Fig. 20-7]

Angelica Kauffmann. Cornelia, Pointing to Her Children as Her Treasures. c. 1785. Oil on canvas. 40 × 50 in. The Adolph D. and Wlkins C. Williams Fund. Photo: Katherine Wetzel. Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, Richmond. Photo: Katherine Wetzel. © Virginia Museum of Fine Arts. [Fig. 20-8] Angelica Kauffmann. Cornelia, Pointing to Her Children as Her Treasures. c. 1785. Oil on canvas. 40 × 50 in. The Adolph D. and Wlkins C. Williams Fund. Photo: Katherine Wetzel. Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, Richmond. Photo: Katherine Wetzel. © Virginia Museum of Fine Arts. [Fig. 20-8]

Jacques-Louis David. The Death of Marat. 1793. Oil on canvas Jacques-Louis David. The Death of Marat. 1793. Oil on canvas. 65 × 50-1/2 in. © Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium, Brussels. [Fig. 20-9] Jacques-Louis David. The Death of Marat. 1793. Oil on canvas. 65 × 50-1/2 in. © Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium, Brussels. [Fig. 20-9]

Thomas Jefferson. Monticello, Charlottesville, Virginia Thomas Jefferson. Monticello, Charlottesville, Virginia. 1770–84; 1796–1806. © idp eastern USA collection / Alamy. [Fig. 20-10] Thomas Jefferson. Monticello, Charlottesville, Virginia. 1770–84; 1796–1806. © idp eastern USA collection / Alamy. [Fig. 20-10]

Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres. Grande Odalisque. 1814. Oil on canvas Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres. Grande Odalisque. 1814. Oil on canvas. 35-1/4 × 63-3/4 in. Herve Lewandowski/Réunion des Musées Nationaux / Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 20-11] Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres. Grande Odalisque. 1814. Oil on canvas. 35-1/4 × 63-3/4 in. Herve Lewandowski/Réunion des Musées Nationaux / Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 20-11]

Eugène Delacroix. Odalisque. 1845–50. Oil on canvas. 14-7/8 × 18-1/4 in. Fitzwilliam Museum, University of Cambridge, UK / The Bridgeman Art Library. [Fig. 20-12] Eugène Delacroix. Odalisque. 1845–50. Oil on canvas. 14-7/8 × 18-1/4 in. Fitzwilliam Museum, University of Cambridge, UK / The Bridgeman Art Library. [Fig. 20-12]

Francisco Goya y Lucientes. Saturn Devouring One of His Sons. 1820–22 Francisco Goya y Lucientes. Saturn Devouring One of His Sons. 1820–22. Fresco, transferred to canvas. 57-7/8 × 32-5/8 in. Scala / Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 20-13] Francisco Goya y Lucientes. Saturn Devouring One of His Sons. 1820–22. Fresco, transferred to canvas. 57-7/8 × 32-5/8 in. Scala / Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 20-13]

Théodore Géricault. The Raft of the Medusa. 1819. Oil on canvas. 16 ft Théodore Géricault. The Raft of the Medusa. 1819. Oil on canvas. 16 ft. 1-1/4 in. × 23 ft. 6 in. Réunion des Musées Nationaux / Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 20-14] Théodore Géricault. The Raft of the Medusa. 1819. Oil on canvas. 16 ft. 1-1/4 in. × 23 ft. 6 in. Réunion des Musées Nationaux / Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 20-14]

Caspar David Friedrich. Monk by the Sea. 1809–10. Oil on canvas Caspar David Friedrich. Monk by the Sea. 1809–10. Oil on canvas. 42-1/2 × 67 in. bpk, Berlin /Nationalgalerie, Staatliche Museen, Berlin, Germany/Joerg P. Anders/ Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 20-15] Caspar David Friedrich. Monk by the Sea. 1809–10. Oil on canvas. 42-1/2 × 67 in. bpk, Berlin /Nationalgalerie, Staatliche Museen, Berlin, Germany/Joerg P. Anders/ Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 20-15]

Frederic Edwin Church. The Heart of the Andes. 1859. Oil on canvas Frederic Edwin Church. The Heart of the Andes. 1859. Oil on canvas. 66-1/8 × 119-1/4 in. Image copyright © The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Image source: Art Resource, NY. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, U.S.A., Bequest of Margaret E. Dows, 1909 (09.95). [Fig. 20-16] Frederic Edwin Church. The Heart of the Andes. 1859. Oil on canvas. 66-1/8 × 119-1/4 in. Image copyright © The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Image source: Art Resource, NY. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, U.S.A., Bequest of Margaret E. Dows, 1909 (09.95). [Fig. 20-16]

Eugène Delacroix. Liberty Leading the People. 1830. Oil on canvas. 8 ft. 6-3/8 in. × 10 ft. 8 in. Giraudon/Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 20-17] Eugène Delacroix. Liberty Leading the People. 1830. Oil on canvas. 8 ft. 6-3/8 in. × 10 ft. 8 in. Giraudon/Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 20-17]

Ernest Meissonier. Memory of Civil War (The Barricades). 1849 Ernest Meissonier. Memory of Civil War (The Barricades). 1849. Oil on canvas. 11-1/2 × 8-3/4 in. Scala / Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 20-18] Ernest Meissonier. Memory of Civil War (The Barricades). 1849. Oil on canvas. 11-1/2 × 8-3/4 in. Scala / Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 20-18]

Gustave Courbet. Burial at Ornans. 1849. Oil on canvas. 10 ft. 3-1/2 in. × 21 ft. 9 in. Herve Lewandowski/Réunion des Musées Nationaux / Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 20-19] Gustave Courbet. Burial at Ornans. 1849. Oil on canvas. 10 ft. 3-1/2 in. × 21 ft. 9 in. Herve Lewandowski/Réunion des Musées Nationaux / Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 20-19]

Honoré Daumier. Fight between Schools, Idealism and Realism. 1855 Honoré Daumier. Fight between Schools, Idealism and Realism. 1855. The Bridgeman Art Library. [Fig. 20-20] Honoré Daumier. Fight between Schools, Idealism and Realism. 1855. The Bridgeman Art Library. [Fig. 20-20]

Rosa Bonheur. Plowing in the Nivernais. 1849. Oil on canvas. 5 ft. 9 in. × 8 ft. 8 in. Gerard Blott/Réunion des Musées Nationaux / Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 20-21] Rosa Bonheur. Plowing in the Nivernais. 1849. Oil on canvas. 5 ft. 9 in. × 8 ft. 8 in. Gerard Blott/Réunion des Musées Nationaux / Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 20-21]

Edouard Manet. Olympia. 1863. Oil on canvas. 51 × 74-3/4 in Edouard Manet. Olympia. 1863. Oil on canvas. 51 × 74-3/4 in. Herve Lewandowski/Réunion des Musées Nationaux / Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 20-22] Edouard Manet. Olympia. 1863. Oil on canvas. 51 × 74-3/4 in. Herve Lewandowski/Réunion des Musées Nationaux / Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 20-22]

Edgar Degas. The Glass of Absinthe. 1876. Oil on canvas. 36 × 27 in Edgar Degas. The Glass of Absinthe. 1876. Oil on canvas. 36 × 27 in. Scala / Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 20-23] Edgar Degas. The Glass of Absinthe. 1876. Oil on canvas. 36 × 27 in. Scala / Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 20-23]

Claude Monet. Impression—Sunrise. 1872. Oil on canvas Claude Monet. Impression—Sunrise. 1872. Oil on canvas. 19-1/2 × 25-1/2 in. Musee Marmottan, Paris, France/Giradon/Bridgeman Art Library. [Fig. 20-24] Claude Monet. Impression—Sunrise. 1872. Oil on canvas. 19-1/2 × 25-1/2 in. Musee Marmottan, Paris, France/Giradon/Bridgeman Art Library. [Fig. 20-24]

Pierre-Auguste Renoir. La Moulin de la Galette. 1876. Oil on canvas Pierre-Auguste Renoir. La Moulin de la Galette. 1876. Oil on canvas. 51-1/2 × 69 in. Bridgeman-Giraudon/Art Resource, N.Y. [Fig. 20-25] Pierre-Auguste Renoir. La Moulin de la Galette. 1876. Oil on canvas. 51-1/2 × 69 in. Bridgeman-Giraudon/Art Resource, N.Y. [Fig. 20-25]

Berthe Morisot. Reading. 1873. Oil on canvas. 17-3/4 × 28-1/2 in Berthe Morisot. Reading. 1873. Oil on canvas. 17-3/4 × 28-1/2 in. The Cleveland Museum of Art. Gift of the Hanna Fund, 1950.89. [Fig. 20-26] Berthe Morisot. Reading. 1873. Oil on canvas. 17-3/4 × 28-1/2 in. The Cleveland Museum of Art. Gift of the Hanna Fund, 1950.89. [Fig. 20-26]

Claude Monet. Bridge over a Pool of Water Lilies. 1899. Oil on canvas Claude Monet. Bridge over a Pool of Water Lilies. 1899. Oil on canvas. 36-1/2 × 29 in. Image copyright © The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Image source: Art Resource, NY. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, U.S.A., H. O. Havemeyer Collection, Bequest of Mrs. H. O. Havemeyer, 1929 (29.100.113). [Fig. 20-27] Claude Monet. Bridge over a Pool of Water Lilies. 1899. Oil on canvas. 36-1/2 × 29 in. Image copyright © The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Image source: Art Resource, NY. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, U.S.A., H. O. Havemeyer Collection, Bequest of Mrs. H. O. Havemeyer, 1929 (29.100.113). [Fig. 20-27]

James McNeill Whistler. Nocturne in Black and Gold, the Falling Rocket James McNeill Whistler. Nocturne in Black and Gold, the Falling Rocket. c. 1875. Oil on oak panel. 23-3/4 × 18-3/8 in. Detroit Institute of Arts, USA / Gift of Dexter M. Ferry Jr. / The Bridgeman Art Library. [Fig. 20-28] James McNeill Whistler. Nocturne in Black and Gold, the Falling Rocket. c. 1875. Oil on oak panel. 23-3/4 × 18-3/8 in. Detroit Institute of Arts, USA / Gift of Dexter M. Ferry Jr. / The Bridgeman Art Library. [Fig. 20-28]

Arapaho artist. Ghost Dance dress. 1890s. Deerskin and pigments Arapaho artist. Ghost Dance dress. 1890s. Deerskin and pigments. The Bridgeman Art Library. [Fig. 20-29] Arapaho artist. Ghost Dance dress. 1890s. Deerskin and pigments. The Bridgeman Art Library. [Fig. 20-29]

Paul Gauguin. The Day of the Gods (Mahana no Atua). 1894. Oil on canvas. 26-7/8 × 36-1/8 in. Helen Birch Bartlett Memorial Collection (1926.198) The Art Institute of Chicago. Photography © The Art Institute of Chicago. [Fig. 20-30] Paul Gauguin. The Day of the Gods (Mahana no Atua). 1894. Oil on canvas. 26-7/8 × 36-1/8 in. Helen Birch Bartlett Memorial Collection (1926.198) The Art Institute of Chicago. Photography © The Art Institute of Chicago. [Fig. 20-30]

Georges Seurat. The Bathers. 1883–84. Oil on canvas Georges Seurat. The Bathers. 1883–84. Oil on canvas. 79-1/2 × 118-1/2 in. Erich Lessing / Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 20-31] Georges Seurat. The Bathers. 1883–84. Oil on canvas. 79-1/2 × 118-1/2 in. Erich Lessing / Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 20-31]

Paul Cézanne. Still Life with Cherries and Peaches. 1885–87 Paul Cézanne. Still Life with Cherries and Peaches. 1885–87. Oil on canvas. 19-3/4 × 24 in. Digital Image © 2012 Museum Associates / LACMA. Licensed by Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 20-32] Paul Cézanne. Still Life with Cherries and Peaches. 1885–87. Oil on canvas. 19-3/4 × 24 in. Digital Image © 2012 Museum Associates / LACMA. Licensed by Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 20-32]

Paul Cézanne. Mont Sainte-Victoire and the Viaduct of the Arc River Valley. 1882–85. Oil on canvas. 25-3/4 × 32-1/8 in. Image copyright © The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Image source: Art Resource, NY. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, U.S.A., H. O. Havemeyer Collection, Bequest of Mrs. H. O. Havemeyer, 1929. (29.100.64). [Fig. 20-33] Paul Cézanne. Mont Sainte-Victoire and the Viaduct of the Arc River Valley. 1882–85. Oil on canvas. 25-3/4 × 32-1/8 in. Image copyright © The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Image source: Art Resource, NY. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, U.S.A., H. O. Havemeyer Collection, Bequest of Mrs. H. O. Havemeyer, 1929. (29.100.64). [Fig. 20-33]

Paul Cézanne. The Large Bathers. 1906. Oil on canvas. 82 × 99 in Paul Cézanne. The Large Bathers. 1906. Oil on canvas. 82 × 99 in. The Philadelphia Museum of Art / Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 20-34] Paul Cézanne. The Large Bathers. 1906. Oil on canvas. 82 × 99 in. The Philadelphia Museum of Art / Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 20-34]