Essential Question: How did ideological differences between Jefferson & Hamilton contribute to the rise of America’s first political parties?

Foreign Affairs

The Battle over Foreign Affairs France was engulfed in the French Revolution; The U.S. supported the revolution, but feared its radical & bloody nature In the 1792 election, Washington was unanimously chosen again Foreign policy became the focus of Washington’s 2nd term: War between England & France broke out in 1793 which divided Americans over who to support England refused to obey the Treaty of Paris (1783) & barred the U.S. from West Indian trade U.S. neutrality seemed to be the best option 10 10

The French Revolution Led to War Between England & France

The Peril of Neutrality Americans seemed to favor France due to French assistance in the American Rev Hamilton & Jefferson wanted neutrality but disagreed how: Jefferson: punish England (due to impressment) by cutting off trade & reward France Hamilton: England needed to be appeased, not coerced Washington signed Proclamation of Neutrality (1793) to keep America out of foreign wars At least until the Genet Affair: French diplomat Edmond Genet challenged American neutrality repeatedly in public 11 11

English & French “impressment” of American sailors

Jay's Treaty with England The treaty avoided war with England but did not get the British to pay Southerners for lost slaves or merchants for impressed ships John Jay demanded from England The removal of British soldiers from western forts in America payment for impressed ships acceptance of U.S. neutrality Jay’s Treaty (1794) British vacated western forts U.S. gained trade in West Indies But, England did not recognize neutrality or end impressment Jay was hung in effigy throughout America The House challenged the Senate’s Constitutional authority to ratify the treaty 12 12

Pinckney’s Treaty with Spain Prior to 1795, Spain closed U.S. access to the Mississippi River & encouraged Indian attacks But, Spain interpreted Jay's Treaty as Anglo-American alliance against Spain & signed the Treaty of San Lorenzo (Pinckney’s Treaty): Spain reopened the Mississippi Settled the disputed border between Florida & U.S. 15 15

Treaty of Greenville with Indians To end Indian attacks against white settlers in the West, the U.S. fought an Ohio Indian alliance led by the Shawnee at Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794) Led to the Treaty of Greenville: Indians ceded lands in Ohio The U.S. promised “fair” dealings with Indian nations Settlers rushed to Georgia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio, & western New York The end of the American Revolution unleashed a rush of white settlers into frontier Georgia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio, and western New York. Hundreds died as Indians resisted the influx of whites onto their lands. To open the Ohio country to white settlement, President Washington dispatched three armies. Twice, a confederacy of eight tribes led by Little Turtle, chief of the Miamis, defeated American forces. But in 1794, a third army defeated the Indian alliance at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in northwestern Ohio. Under the Treaty of Greenville (1795), Native Americans ceded much of the present state of Ohio in return for cash and a promise that the federal government would treat the Indian nations fairly in land dealings. 14 14

Conquest of the West (Notice the British forts in the West!)

America’s First Political Parties

America’s 1st Political Parties Represented the “Spirit of 1776” & the fight against tyranny Also called Jeffersonian Republicans or simply, Republicans Disagreements over Hamilton’s financial plans & Anglo-French Wars led to the 1st political parties: Democratic-Republicans: led by Jefferson, favored states’ rights, “strict construction,” ties to France, & liberty Federalists: led by Hamilton, favored a strong national gov’t, “loose construction”, ties to England, & public order Represented the “Spirit of 1787” & the fight for a stronger national gov’t 10 10

America’s 1st Political Parties Political parties were seen as a conspiracy against liberty Federalists & Dem-Republicans thought it was their duty to destroy the other party In the Washington & Adams eras, the Federalists dominated politics, but Jefferson’s election in 1800 killed the Federalists Commoners in the U.S. were highly literate Newspapers transformed political culture in the U.S.; they were widely read, highly influential, & totally partisan 16 16

Whiskey Rebellion Hamilton interpreted the rebellion as a Jefferson-inspired conspiracy Jefferson saw it as an excuse by Federalists to raise an army to intimidate Republicans The whiskey tax led yeomen in western Pennsylvania to start a Whiskey Rebellion in 1794 When the governor of PA refused to act, Federalists saw the revolt as a threat to safety Washington himself led the U.S. army to suppress the rebellion Both parties used the event to attack each other Rioted with the same fervor as those against the Stamp Act Political polarization was further intensified by the outbreak of popular protests in western Pennsylvania against Hamilton's financial program. To help pay off the nation's debt, Congress passed a tax on whiskey. On the frontier, the only practical way to transport and sell surplus corn was to distill it into whiskey. Frontier farmers regarded a tax on whiskey in the same way as American colonists had regarded Britain's stamp tax. By 1794, western Pennsylvanians had had enough. Some 7000 frontiersmen marched on Pittsburgh to stop collection of the tax. Determined to set a precedent for the federal government's authority, Washington gathered an army of 15,000 militamen to disperse the rebels. In the face of this overwhelming force, the uprising collapsed. The new government had proved that it would enforce laws enacted by Congress. Thomas Jefferson took a very different view of the "Whiskey Rebellion." He believed that the government had used the army to stifle legitimate opposition to unfair government policies. 17 17

Whiskey Rebellion, 1794 His mere presence (and the 15,000 soldiers he brought with him) was enough to end the Whiskey Rebellion Political polarization was further intensified by the outbreak of popular protests in western Pennsylvania against Hamilton's financial program. To help pay off the nation's debt, Congress passed a tax on whiskey. On the frontier, the only practical way to transport and sell surplus corn was to distill it into whiskey. Frontier farmers regarded a tax on whiskey in the same way as American colonists had regarded Britain's stamp tax. By 1794, western Pennsylvanians had had enough. Some 7,000 frontiersmen marched on Pittsburgh to stop collection of the tax. Determined to set a precedent for the federal government's authority, Washington gathered an army of 15,000 militamen to disperse the rebels. In the face of this overwhelming force, the uprising collapsed. The new government had proved that it would enforce laws enacted by Congress. Thomas Jefferson took a very different view of the "Whiskey Rebellion." He believed that the government had used the army to stifle legitimate opposition to unfair government policies. President Washington is one of two presidents (Madison is the other) who participated in combat while serving as president

Washington's Farewell Address Washington never acknowledged the faction in his cabinet, he tended to side with the Federalist perspective of gov’t Washington was not limited by the Constitution to 2 terms, but in 1796 he announced his decision to retire Washington’s Farewell Address: Warned against political parties Warned against “entangling alliances” with foreign nations (led to the precedent of non-intervention in foreign affairs) Washington’s decision to retire established the precedent of 2 terms in office for presidents 18 18

Discussion Question: George Washington is universally agreed to be the most significant of America’s Founding Fathers… But, who is the 2nd most important of these early political leaders: James Madison? Alexander Hamilton? Thomas Jefferson? Someone else? Make an argument for each & then rank order them with a clear justification for your #1 choice

Hamilton/Jefferson Comparison (Federalist) Jefferson (Democratic-Republican) What was his vision of the role of government (National or State?) Payment of National & State Debts Tariff on Imported Goods The U.S. Economy: (Manufacturing or Farming?) Creating a National Bank Interpretation of the Constitution Whiskey Tax and Whiskey Rebellion Support for the French Revolution

Hamilton/Jefferson Discussion Summarize the fundamental idea at the heart of the Federalists/Anti-Federalist disagreement. In what ways is this similar to the idea at the heart of the Hamilton/Jefferson conflict? In what ways is it different? Who’s vision for America, Hamilton’s or Jefferson’s, do you feel was most appropriate for America in 1790? Explain