Overview WS (10 pts) Outline Activity (20 pts) THURSDAY 1. Please get out your 2 HW assignments: Overview WS (10 pts) Outline Activity (20 pts) *You were told quite a few times to save AND it to yourself so that there would be no excuses/ problems today. You also know how I feel about parents ing me on your behalf….get out what you have please, use a HW pass if you must*

Eliminating Competition with Railroads Small, independent lines were $$ to run, many began to consolidate consolidate: combine companies (larger buys smaller OR forces them out of business)

Cornelius Vanderbilt buys majority of lines between Chicago & Buffalo (4,500 miles of track) Begins a trend, and now all major r&r’s in the country are owned and control by a handful of $$ men People are excited to invest to make $$ - competition is fierce (have to be rich to win)

Large r&r companies offered rebates rebates: discounts to their biggest customers – forced many smaller companies out of business – hurt small shippers (farmers) Eliminating Competition with Railroads

Large r&r companies try to help each other out by – Eliminating the small companies – Creating pools – pools: several companies agree to divide up the business in an area & set fixed rates or prices Eliminating Competition with Railroads

Pools - This hurts farmers as it keeps shipping prices high -Sometimes farmers burned crops for fuel to drive -Populist party re-emerges & calls for gov’t regulation of rail rates R&R companies simply bribed politicians to avoid changing rules

Railroads Fuel the Economy Creates thousands of jobs – Steelworkers turn iron to steel for tracks/ engines – Lumberjacks make railroad ties – Miners use coal to fuel engines – R&R companies employ workers – laid track, built trestles, carved tunnels, built stations

New ways of managing business – Create special departments for shipping/ accounting/ servicing equipment – Expert managers followed by chains of command (trickle down) Railroads Fuel the Economy

Railroads Open the Country to Growth – Brings people in the expanded West together – Allows new businesses to boom – Allows towns to spread – Creates a network for the country

Happy Friday!!!! 1.Please get out your current events sheets 2.THEN…snack attack? 3.Also get out your notes from yesterday so we can wrap them up 4.Check out the back board & write your HW

Wo0o0oaahhh……fun fact Why do YOU think the standard railroad gauge is 4ft, 8.5 inches?

Rise of Big Business During this period of American industrial growth, there were a few rich fat-cats who made it big…

Growth of Steel Industry Growth of railroads spark growth of steel industry – Early trains – iron rails (wore out quickly) – Steel rails – much stronger/ not likely to rust Problem: expensive/ difficult to make

Bessemer Process 1850s Method created to produce stronger steel/ lower cost – Railroads: steel rails – Builder: nails, screws, needles – Architects: steel supports for skyscrapers

Steel mills begin to spring up in cities across the country Pittsburgh becomes the steel-making capital – Brings tons of jobs – & tons of pollution

Carnegie’s Empire Scottish immigrant Andrew Carnegie Took a loan from a bank & started his own steel mill, ending in HUGE profits

Used $$ to buy rivals & small companies iron mines warehouses railroad lines steamship lines Carnegie’s Empire

Now controlled all phases of the steel industry - Mining – iron ore - Warehouses – create the steel - Railroads – laying iron track & shipping finished product - Steamship lines – shipping finished product Carnegie’s Empire

Vertical Integration a single manufacturer controls all of the steps used to change raw materials into finished products

Horizontal Integration “buying out” – consolidating companies to monopolize an industry

Monopoly a single owner or company COMPLETELY controls the supply of a product/ industry

Carnegie Believed that the rich had a duty to help the poor & improve society – This idea: “The Gospel of wealth” (gives millions $$ to charities) – Sells steel empire in 1901 & spends rest of time/$$ helping people