Reliģijas un matemātikas dialogs: Dieva pierādījumi un Gēdeļa teorēma D. Zeps LU MII, LU Teoloģijas fakultāte.

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Presentation transcript:

Reliģijas un matemātikas dialogs: Dieva pierādījumi un Gēdeļa teorēma D. Zeps LU MII, LU Teoloģijas fakultāte

Reliģijas un matemātikas dialogs: Dieva pierādījumi un Gēdeļa teorēma Pieteikums projektu konkursā ar šādu nosaukumu gada aprīlī. Atteikums. Pieteikums trīs dienu semināram maijā attīstības projektu konkursā novembrī. Tiks izskatīts tagad maijā. Rezultāti gaidāmi maija beigās vai jūnija sākumā.

Kāds sakaras Gēdeļa teorēmai ar Dieva pierādījumiem? Vispārīgāk: kāds sakars matemātikai un teoloģijai? No zinātniskā pasaules uzskata vai materiālisma viedokļa Dieva eksistence nav pierādāma, bet matemātikā viss pierādāms... – līdz Gēdelim.

Gēdeļa teorēma Citējot K. Podnieku: Ja T ir formāla teorija, kurā var pierādīt vienkāršākās veselo skaitļu īpašības, tad šīs teorijas valodā var uzrakstīt tādu apgalvojumu G T, ka: a) Ja teorijā T apgalvojumu G T var pierādīt, tad teorijā T var izvest pretrunu. b) Ja teorijā T apgalvojumu G T var apgāzt, tad teorijā T var izvest pretrunu. Šī teorēma ir absolūti konstruktīva: visiem trīs "var" atbilst algoritmi.

Kantora arguments Kantora arguments tiek lietots, lai pierādītu Kantora teorēmu א <2 א = C, א ir veselo skaitļu kopas apjoms; C kontinums, reālo sk.k. apj. Gēdeļa nepilnības teorēmu, Tjūringa mašīnu teorēmu – neeksistē universālā TM, UTM kas pasaka vai patvaļīga TM apstāsies vai nē. Kantora arguments ir ļoti viegli vai pat primitīvi pierādāms – maģija, kaut kas gandrīz primitīvs izrādās fakts ar tādām konsekvencēm.

Kantora arguments: pierādījums Jāpierāda א <2 א, kur א naturālo skaitļu kopas apjoms; Pierādot pieņemam pretējo: eksistē viennozīmīgs attēlojums no kopas uz kopas visām apakškopām. Elementam a atbilst kopaX(a)= S(a), ja a pieder S(a), un X(a)=T(a), ja a nepieder T(a). Visi a, kam atbilst T(a), veido kopu Q. Arī apakškopai Q atbilst elements, un tas ir q. Formāli, ja a->X(a), X(a)  א, Q={a| a  X(a)} Vai q pieder Q vai nē? Ja pieņem, ka q pieder Q, Q=S(q), tad q nevar piederēt S(q) un pretruna... Ja pieņem, ka q nepieder Q, Q=T(q), tad q nevar piederēt Q un pretruna...

Dieva eksistences pierādījumi Interesants formulējums, kas ir Dievs: God is a superposition of all the spirit from all things. William Tiller. Conscious Acts of Creation. Teoloģijas priekšpieņēmums ir Dieva eksistence. Dieva pierādījums tiek būvēts kā arguments, lai apstiprinātu teoloģijas izvēles un pamatu pareizību ar saviem iekšējiem resursiem. No mūsdienu zinātnes viedokļa runāt par Dieva pierādījumiem, ja nav precīzas Dieva definīcijas, nav nekādas jēgas. Dieva pierādījumi vai nu pretendē uz citu pierādāmību ārpus loģiskiem slēdzieniem un/vai bāzēsies citā varbūt vēl nezināmā aparātā, vai nav iespējami.

Akvinas Toma Quinquae viae ex motu: universālais nekustinātais kustinātājs ex causa: pirmcēlonis ex contingentia: gadījuma esamības un viens, kas nav gadījuma ex gradu: pilnības pakāpes un viena augstākā ex fine: mērķi zina radītājs

Kenterberijas Anselma ontoloģiskais arguments A modern description of the argument Anselm's Argument may be summarized thus: God is, by definition, a being greater than which nothing can be conceived (imagined). Existence in reality is greater than existence in the mind. God must exist in reality; if God did not, then God would not be that which nothing greater can be conceived (imagined). This is a shorter modern version of the argument. Anselm framed the argument as a reductio ad absurdum wherein he tried to show that the assumption that God does not exist leads to a logical contradiction. The following steps more closely follow Anselm's line of reasoning: reductio ad absurdum God is the entity greater than which no entity can be conceived. The concept of God exists in human understanding. God does not exist in reality (assumed in order to refute). The concept of God existing in reality exists in human understanding. If an entity exists in reality and in human understanding, this entity is greater than it would have been if it existed only in human understanding (a statement of existence as a perfection). From 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 an entity can be conceived that is greater than God, the entity greater than which no thing can be conceived (logical self-contradiction). Assumption 3 is wrong, therefore, God exists in reality (assuming 1, 2, 4, and 5 are accepted as true).

Gēdeļa ontoloģiskais pierādījums Gēdels izmanto modālo loģiku, kur bez nepieciešami patiesiem ir arī gadījuma patiesi lielumi. Aksioma 5: nepieciešama eksistence ir pozitīva īpašība Pos(NE). From axioms 1 through 4, Godel argued that in some possible world there exists God. He used a sort of modal plenitude principle to argue this from the logical consistency of Godlikeness. Note that this property is itself positive, since it is the conjunction of the (infinitely many) positive properties.plenitude principle Then, Gödel defined essences: if x is an object in some world, then the property P is said to be an essence of x if P(x) is true in that world and if P entails all other properties that x has in that world. We also say that x necessarily exists if for every essence P the following is true: in every possible world, there is an element y with P(y). Since necessary existence is positive, it must follow from Godlikeness. Moreover, Godlikeness is an essence of God, since it entails all positive properties, and any nonpositive property is the negation of some positive property, so God cannot have any nonpositive properties. Since any Godlike object is necessarily existent, it follows that any Godlike object in one world is a Godlike object in all worlds, by the definition of necessary existence. Given the existence of a Godlike object in one world, proven above, we may conclude that there is a Godlike object in every possible world, as required. From these hypotheses, it is also possible to prove that there is only one God in each world: by identity of indiscernibles, no two distinct objects can have precisely the same properties, and so there can only be one object in each world that possesses property G. Gödel did not attempt to do so however, as he purposely limited his proof to the issue of existence, rather than uniqueness. This was more to preserve the logical precision of the argument than due to a penchant for polytheism. This uniqueness proof will only work if one supposes that the positiveness of a property is independent of the object to which it is applied, a claim which some have considered to be suspect. identity of indiscernibles

Rebecca Goldstein Incompleteness. The proof and paradox of Kurt Godel. But every error is due to extraneous factors (such as emotion and education); reason itself does not err. Kurt Godel. pēc Gēdeļa: matemātika ir patiesa, jo tā ir aprakstoša – ne empīrisko gan realitāti, bet abstrakto. Matemātiskā intuīcija ir kāds analogs percepcijai. “Mēs neredzam lietas, kuras gadās būt patiesas, bet kurām ir jābūt patiesām. Abstrakto lietu pasaule ir tāda, kas nepieciešami eksistē un tāpēc mēs varam deducēt tās aprakstus caur dedukciju. Gödel was a mathematical realist, a Platonist. He believed that what makes mathematics true is that it's descriptive—not of empirical reality, of course, but of an abstract reality. Mathematical intuition is something analogous to a kind of sense perception. In his essay "What Is Cantor's Continuum Hypothesis?", Gödel wrote that we're not seeing things that just happen to be true, we're seeing things that must be true. The world of abstract entities is a necessary world—that's why we can deduce our descriptions of it through pure reason.

Penrose un Godel Roger Penrose: “… what Gödel’s theorem actually tells us … can be viewed in a much more positive light, namely that the insights that are available to human mathematicians … lie beyond anything that can be formalized as a set of rules.” “Either … the human mind infinitely surpas- ses the powers of any finite machine, or else there exist absolutely unknowable Diophan- tine problems.”

Douglas HofstatderDouglas Hofstatder ‘Godel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid’.Godel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid Looked at this way, Godel's proof suggests -- though by no means does it prove! -- that there could be some high-level way of viewing the mind/brain, involving concepts which do not appear on lower levels, and that this level might have explanatory power that does not exist -- not even in principle -- on lower levels. It would mean that some facts could be explained on the high level quite easily, but not on lower levels at all. No matter how long and cumbersome a low-level statement were made, it would not explain the phenomena in question. It is analogous to the fact that, if you make derivation after derivation in [Peano arithmetic], no matter how long and cumbersome you make them, you will never come up with one for G -- despite the fact that on a higher level, you can see that [the Godel sentence] is true. What might such high-level concepts be? It has been proposed for eons, by various holistically or "soulistically" inclined scientists and humanists that consciousness is a phenomenon that escapes explanation in terms of brain components; so here is a candidate at least. There is also the ever-puzzling notion of free will. So perhaps these qualities could be "emergent" in the sense of requiring explanations which cannot be furnished by the physiology alone ('Godel, Escher, Bach', p. 708).

Matemātika un dabas zinātnes kā pretstats teoloģijai un reliģiskam argumentam Pierādījums ir loģisku slēdzienu virkne, kas apgalvojuma pareizumu apstiprina ar loģisku slēdzienu virkni. Matemātika uzbūvē teoriju, balstoties uz aksiomām kā acīmredzamiem apgalvojumiem. Matemātika no acīmredzamiem apgalvojumiem – aksiomām izsecina neacīmredzamus apgalvojumus, kas kopā izveido matemātisku teoriju. Vai matemātikai ir kas kopīgs ar Dieva inspirētiem argumentiem? kur iespējams tieši otrādi...

Neatšķirība Zinātnes un teoloģijas kopīgais: Priekšpieņēmumi: Dievs un realitāte. No fizikas viedokļa mēs jau zinām, kas ir realitāte, mēs to uztveram ar jutekļiem. Mēs tikai precizējam ķermeņa kustības parametrus utt. Kā mēs varētu kaut ko pētīt, ja nezinātu fonu uz kā kas notiek: telpa, laiks, kustība, cēloņsakarības princips, dabas novērojamie procesi, jau zināmie fizikas pamatu lielumi? Primitīvi nenovērojamā daba, kas uzrodas pētīšanas procesā, kuru senči nepazina: elektrodinamika; kodolfizika, kvantu mehānika. Laiktelpa fizikā ir tas pats, kas teoloģijā Dievs. Laiktelpa, ar nelielu modifikāciju Einšteina relativitātes rezultātā, ir pārdzīvojušas elektrodinamiku un kvantu mehāniku.

Eliptiskās līknes un modulārās formas Matemātika nav tapusi ierobežota Gēdeļa teorēmas dēļ. Matemātikā notiek brīnumi. Diofanta vienādojumiem matemātikā lielāka loma, nekā to varēja paredzēt. Eliptiskās līknes E : y 2 = x 3 + A x + B ir robeža starp triviāliem Diofanta vienādojumiem un bezatrisinājuma, kā, piemēram, Fermā teorēmā figurējošā. Vienlaicīgi tās ir modulāras, t.i. kompleksajā pusplaknē ar īpaši daudzveidīgu simetriju, kas ietver translāciju.

Formālā matemātika Formālā matemātika nodala robežu: (?) uz vienu pusi: < platoniskā; kas eksistē; nav gadījuma; (?) uz otru pusi: > izdomājamā, kas neeksistē; ir gadījuma;