Sustainable Degrowth The History of a New Idea Giorgos Kallis ICREA Professor, ICTA, Universidad Autonoma de Barcelona Uppsala, 23 September 2010

My aim is to: 1. Introduce you to the literature on degrowth. 2. Explain to you the main concepts. 3. Direct you to further reading.

Structure of this presentation 1. What is degrowth? 2. Where does it come from? 3. Where is it heading?

1. What is Degrowth?  Definition  Structuring ideas  Macro-Policies  Bottom-up initiatives

“Sustainable degrowth” “An equitable downscaling of production and consumption that increases human well- being and enhances ecological conditions” Schneider, Kallis and Martinez-Alier, Vol 18 (6), 2010

Key ideas Sustainability needs downscaling, not just efficiency improvements. “Selective” (sectorally, geographically) degrowth. Downscaling by relocalizing the economy. Voluntary simplicity: live better with less. From positional to relational goods. Not going back, but finding a new direction. Frugal innovation.

How to? Environmental policies Impact Caps. Eco-taxes. Leave resources on the ground. Ecological investments. Stonger regulation of commercial media (advertising).

How to? Economic policies Reduced working hours. Complementary currencies. Shift taxation from income to consumption. Investment in social services and relational goods. Basic income and salary caps (redistributive taxes) Cooperative/communal property and ownership.

Communities and social movements Transition towns. Rurban squats. Co-housing. Work or Tool sharing.

2. Where does it come from? i. Ecological Economics. ii. Sustainable Consumption Studies and Industrial Ecology. iii. French Political Ecology. iv. Post-Development Studies.

Ecological Economics

The economy as an entropic process Economy increases entropy. Finite stocks are being depleted. “Thermal pollution”. Degrowth is inevitable in the long-term, the objective should be to arrest its pace by turning from “funds” to “flows”. Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen ( ) The “father” of Ecological Economics

Prosperous decline System cycles of growth and decline. Energy decline inevitable in a shift from fossil fuels to renewables. Policies for making the decline smooth.

Steady-State Economy Need to limit scale of the economy, not just make it more efficient. Growth does not mean progress.

Development betrayed “Development” fails outside the West because it doesn’t fit local environments. Increasing transaction costs. Increasing cultural conflict.

Exploitation and resistance of the poor Cost-shifting from West to the rest of the world. Environmental injustices. Local movements struggling for alternative futures, in different “languages”.

Industrial Ecology and Sustainable Consumption

Efficiency and conservation alone are not enough. To achieve the 450ppm stabilization target by 2050, we need 21 to 130-fold improvement in carbon intensity (gCO 2 /$)

Absolute decoupling is not happening. See the work of Wupertal Institute and reports by the European Environment Agency

Rebound effects Responses that tend to offset the conservation benefits of a more efficient technology and that they are causally related to the new technology. See the work of Steve Sorrell from SPRU (University of Sussex)

Jevon’s Paradox See the work of Polimeni, Alcott, Giampietro and Mayumi

How to make degrowth stable? Reduced working hours. Social and ecological investments. Tolerate low productivity.

French Political Ecology

Tools for conviviality Institutionalization of specialized knowledge. Alienation and structural power imbalances. Regain control with convivial tools. Ivan Illich (1926 – 2002)

The new class struggle is for working less, with security. Degrowth lacks a social agent. We cannot let go of complex industrial society. Maintain, but constrain, market domain. Farewell to the proletariat. Unite for less work. Andre Gorz (1923 – 2007)

Autonomy Discontinuous social change. Social Imaginary. Autonomy. Cornelius Castoriadis (1922 – 1997)

Anti-ulitarianism Different, non- utilitarian rationalities of social relation. Exchange through different institutions.

Post-development studies

Alternatives for the “South” Failure of Western- driven development to alleviate poverty and exclusion. Attention to new, endogeneous visions.

De-development The invention of the economy. Decolonize the imaginary. Live better with less. Degrowth already happening. Serge Latouche

Multiple streams of degrowth CULTURE ECONOMICS TECHNOLOGY SOCIAL IDEAS

3. Where is it heading?

“A political slogan with theoretical implications” Serge Latouche, “Farewell to Growth”.

Scientists and civil society working together

More and more scientific visibility

Social mobilizations and collaborations

Questions Reaching out – convincing the people. Political strategies vs. fate. Theoretical coherence. Theoretical development.

Research Demonstrate insufficiency of efficiency gains in new cases. Study alternatives (communities – past and present -, systems, policies). Policy – impact models. Study social perceptions.

Thank you!