Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction Section 1: Cellular Growth Section 2: Mitosis and Cytokinesis Section 3: Cell Cycle Regulation

Ratio of Surface Area to Volume Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.1 Cellular Growth Ratio of Surface Area to Volume

INCREASES much faster than its surface area Two Formulas Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.1 Cellular Growth As cell size INCREASES, its volume INCREASES much faster than its surface area Two Formulas SA = 2(LW) + 2(LH) + 2(HW) V = L x W x H Example: Cell A: Side= 1mm SA = 6mm2 V = 1mm3 What happens if sides increases to 2mm?

Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.1 Cellular Growth As the cell grows, its volume increases much more rapidly than the surface area. The cell might have difficulty supplying nutrients and expelling enough waste products.

Transport of Substances Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.1 Cellular Growth Transport of Substances Substances move by diffusion or by motor proteins. Diffusion over large distances is slow and inefficient. Small cells maintain more efficient transport systems.

Cellular Communications Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.1 Cellular Growth Cellular Communications The need for signaling proteins to move throughout the cell also limits cell size. Cell size affects the ability of the cell to communicate instructions for cellular functions.

Our entire body is made of cells-these are called body cells Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.1 Cellular Growth Our entire body is made of cells-these are called body cells Inside each cell is a nucleus (“control center” and inside the nucleus are the chromosomes (bundles of DNA) How many chromosomes do humans have? There are 46 chromosomes inside EACH cell Exception to this rule is the sperm and egg (gametes) only have 23 chromosomes Cells must reproduce themselves at some point in their life. They do this by dividing in half to produce two new cells.

Cell division prevents the cell from becoming too large. Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.1 Cellular Growth The Cell Cycle Cell division prevents the cell from becoming too large. It also is the way the cell reproduces so that you grow and heal certain injuries. Cells reproduce by a cycle of growing and dividing called the cell cycle.

Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.1 Cellular Growth Interphase is the stage during which the cell grows, carries out cellular functions, and replicates. Mitosis is the stage of the cell cycle during which the cell’s nucleus and nuclear material divide. Cytokinesis is the method by which a cell’s cytoplasm divides, creating a new cell.

The Stages of Interphase The first stage of interphase, G1 Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.1 Cellular Growth The Stages of Interphase The first stage of interphase, G1 The cell is growing, carrying out normal cell functions, and preparing to replicate DNA. Cells are performing their assigned tasks, metabolizing, synthesizing, etc.

The Second Stage of Interphase, S Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.1 Cellular Growth The Second Stage of Interphase, S The cell copies its DNA in preparation for cell division. (DNA synthesizes) DNA goes from 2 arms to 4 arms

The Third Stage of Interphase, G2 Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.1 Cellular Growth The Third Stage of Interphase, G2 2nd growth stage The cell prepares for the division of its nucleus.

Body cell reproduction Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis Mitosis Body cell reproduction A cell divides into 2 new “daughter” cells and the cell cycle starts over Four Stages of Mitosis = PMAT

The cell’s chromatin tightens. Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis The Stages of Mitosis Prophase DNA organizes itself The cell’s chromatin tightens. Sister chromatids are attached at the centromere. Spindle fibers form in the cytoplasm.

The nuclear envelope seems to disappear. Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis The nuclear envelope seems to disappear. Spindle fibers attach to the sister chromatids.

They line up in the middle of the cell. Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis Metaphase Sister chromatids are pulled along the spindle apparatus toward the center of the cell. They line up in the middle of the cell.

The microtubules of the spindle apparatus begin to shorten. Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis Anaphase The microtubules of the spindle apparatus begin to shorten. The sister chromatids separate. The chromosomes move toward the poles of the cell.

The chromosomes arrive at the poles and begin to relax. Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis Telophase The chromosomes arrive at the poles and begin to relax. Two new nuclear membranes begin to form and the nucleoli reappear. The spindle apparatus disassembles.

In humans each cell would have 46 chromosomes (diploid amount) Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis Cytokinesis Cell membrane moves inward to create TWO daughter cells- each with its own nucleus and identical chromosomes In humans each cell would have 46 chromosomes (diploid amount) In animal cells, microfilaments constrict, or pinch, the cytoplasm. In plant cells, a new structure, called a cell plate, forms.

9.3 Cell Cycle Regulation Normal Cell Cycle Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.3 Cell Cycle Regulation Normal Cell Cycle Different cyclin/CDK combinations signal other activities, including DNA replication, protein synthesis, and nuclear division throughout the cell cycle.

Quality Control Checkpoints Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.3 Cell Cycle Regulation Quality Control Checkpoints The cell cycle has built-in checkpoints that monitor the cycle and can stop it if something goes wrong. Spindle checkpoints also have been identified in mitosis.

Abnormal Cell Cycle: Cancer Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.3 Cell Cycle Regulation Abnormal Cell Cycle: Cancer Cancer is the uncontrolled growth and division of cells. Cancer cells can kill an organism by crowding out normal cells, resulting in the loss of tissue function.

Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.3 Cell Cycle Regulation Causes of Cancer The changes that occur in the regulation of cell growth and division of cancer cells are due to mutations. Various environmental factors can affect the occurrence of cancer cells.

Apoptosis Programmed cell death Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.3 Cell Cycle Regulation Apoptosis Programmed cell death Cells going through apoptosis actually shrink and shrivel in a controlled process.

Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.3 Cell Cycle Regulation Stem Cells Unspecialized cells that can develop into specialized cells when under the right conditions

An embryo is an organism’s early prebirth stage of development Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.3 Cell Cycle Regulation Embryonic Stem Cells An embryo is an organism’s early prebirth stage of development After fertilization, the resulting mass of cells divides repeatedly until there are about 100–150 cells. These cells have not become specialized.

Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.3 Cell Cycle Regulation Adult Stem Cells Found in various tissues in the body and might be used to maintain and repair the same kind of tissue Less controversial because the adult stem cells can be obtained with the consent of their donor

Chapter Resource Menu Chapter Diagnostic Questions Cellular Reproduction Chapter Resource Menu Chapter Diagnostic Questions Formative Test Questions Chapter Assessment Questions Standardized Test Practice biologygmh.com Glencoe Biology Transparencies Image Bank Vocabulary Animation Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding feature.

Which is the first phase of mitosis? Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction Chapter Diagnostic Questions Which is the first phase of mitosis? interphase prophase metaphase telophase A B C D CDQ 1

During what phase do the sister chromatids Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction Chapter Diagnostic Questions During what phase do the sister chromatids line up in the middle of the cell? interphase metaphase anaphase telophase A B C D CDQ 2

Which is not a phase of the cell cycle? Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction Chapter Diagnostic Questions Which is not a phase of the cell cycle? cytokinesis interphase apoptosis mitosis A B C D CDQ 3

Which can more efficiently supply nutrients and expel waste products? Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.1 Formative Questions Which can more efficiently supply nutrients and expel waste products? larger cells smaller cells cells with lower surface area to volume ratio cells shaped like a cube A B C D FQ 1

At what stage does a cell spend most of its life? Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.1 Formative Questions At what stage does a cell spend most of its life? cytokinesis interphase mitosis synthesis A B C D FQ 2

What happens in the cell during cytokinesis? Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.1 Formative Questions What happens in the cell during cytokinesis? The cell grows and carries out normal functions. The cell copies its DNA and forms chromosomes. The cell’s nucleus and nuclear material divide. The cell’s cytoplasm divides. A B C D FQ 3

In what stage of the cell cycle does the Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.2 Formative Questions In what stage of the cell cycle does the cell’s replicated genetic material separate? cytokinesis interphase mitosis prophase A B C D FQ 4

Which diagram shows anaphase? Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.2 Formative Questions Which diagram shows anaphase? A B C D FQ 5

At the end of mitosis the nuclear material is Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.2 Formative Questions At the end of mitosis the nuclear material is divided and two new cells have formed. true false A B FQ 6

What are the “key and ignition” that start the Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.3 Formative Questions What are the “key and ignition” that start the various activities in the cell cycle? chromatin and chromosomes cyclin and CDKs microtubules and spindle fibers protein and ribosomes A B C D FQ 7

Which of these cancer-causing substances or Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.3 Formative Questions Which of these cancer-causing substances or agents is impossible to avoid completely? chemicals such as asbestos food and drinks that the FDA warns may contain carcinogens tobacco and second-hand smoke ultraviolet radiation from the Sun A B C D FQ 8

What is the term for the programmed death Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.3 Formative Questions What is the term for the programmed death of cells that are damaged beyond repair or have harmful changes in their DNA? apoptosis carcinogens cytokinesis mitosis A B C D FQ 9

Which cells are not locked into becoming Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.3 Formative Questions Which cells are not locked into becoming one particular kind of cell and are capable of developing into specialized tissues? apoptotic cells cancer cells prokaryotic cells stem cells A B C D FQ 10

This cell has completed what stage of mitosis? Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction Chapter Assessment Questions This cell has completed what stage of mitosis? anaphase interphase metaphase telophase A B C D CAQ 1

What term is used to describe programmed cell death? Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction Chapter Assessment Questions What term is used to describe programmed cell death? apoptosis anaphase necrosis cyclins A B C D CAQ 2

What is the role of cyclins in a cell? Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction Chapter Assessment Questions What is the role of cyclins in a cell? to control the movement of microtubules to signal for the cell to divide to stimulate the breakdown of the nuclear membrane to cause the nucleolus to disappear A B C D CAQ 3

C B A Which cell has the lowest ratio of surface area to volume? Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction Standardized Test Practice Which cell has the lowest ratio of surface area to volume? A B C A B C STP 1

Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction Standardized Test Practice At what stage of interphase does the cell take inventory and make sure it is ready for the division of its nucleus? G1 S G2 M A B C D STP 2

Which occurs in plant cells but not animal cells Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction Standardized Test Practice Which occurs in plant cells but not animal cells during the cell cycle? formation of a cell plate formation of microtubules formation of a cleavage furrow at the equator of the cell movement of chromosomes to the poles of the cell A B C D STP 3

Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction Standardized Test Practice Multiple changes in DNA are required to change an abnormal cell into a cancer cell. true false A B STP 4

Which is not a condition that can result in cancer? Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction Standardized Test Practice Which is not a condition that can result in cancer? a failure in the control mechanisms that regulate the cell cycle a failure in the repair systems that fix changes or damage to DNA a failure of the spindle fibers to move chromosomes during mitosis mutations or changes in segments of DNA that control protein production A B C D STP 5

Section 1 Vocabulary cell cycle interphase mitosis cytokinesis Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction Vocabulary Section 1 cell cycle interphase mitosis cytokinesis chromosome chromatin

Section 2 Vocabulary prophase sister chromatid centromere Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction Vocabulary Section 2 prophase sister chromatid centromere spindle apparatus metaphase anaphase telophase

Section 3 Vocabulary cyclin cyclin-dependent kinase cancer carcinogen Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction Vocabulary Section 3 cyclin cyclin-dependent kinase cancer carcinogen apoptosis stem cell