1. Cellular Reproduction

2. Chromosomes Contain genetic information – DNA
DNA is arranged in segments called genes
Determine characteristics, or traits
Humans have 46 chromosomes in their cells – 23 from each parent

3. Chromosomes
Exist as chromatin prior to cell division - relaxed form of DNA in the cell’s nucleus

4. Chromosomes
Centromere: at the center of the chromosome where the sister chromatids attach
Sister chromatids: Each half of the X, contains identical copies of DNA

5. Chromosomes

6. HUMAN CHROMOSOMES

7. The Cell Cycle Cell division prevents the cell from becoming too large
Cells have an optimal size, if a cell is too large, it will have difficulty supplying nutrients and expelling waste.
Cell division is also how the cell reproduces, replaces other cells, grows, and heals
Cells reproduce by growing and dividing during the CELL CYCLE
3 Main Stages:
Interphase, Mitosis, Cytokinesis

8. The Cell Cycle
Interphase is the stage during which the cell grows, carries out cellular functions, and. Replicates. Three parts: G1, S, G2
Mitosis is the stage of the cell cycle during which the cell’s nucleus and nuclear material divide.
Cytokinesis is the method by which a cell’s cytoplasm divides, creating a new cell.

9. The Cell Cycle

10. Interphase
G1: The cell is growing, carrying out normal cell functions, and preparing to replicate DNA. Occurs immediately after the cell divides.
S: (Synthesis)The cell copies its DNA in preparation for cell division.
G2: The cell prepares for the division of its nucleus.

11. Mitosis
Mitosis: Process that divides the nucleus of one cell into two nuclei
Purpose is to create two daughter cells with identical genetic information
Each daughter cell receives the exact same # and type of chromosomes, it’s like photocopying the cell!

12. Mitosis Prophase Beginning phase, longest phase
Chromatin tightens into X-shaped chromosomes
Nuclear envelope disappears
Centrioles migrate to poles
Spindle fibers form

14. Mitosis Metaphase Changing phase, one of the shortest stages
Chromosomes are pulled to center of cell and lined up
Ensures there are accurate copies of the chromosomes

15. Mitosis Anaphase Anew phase
The spindle fibers pull chromosomes apart into two identical chromatids
The chromatids are pulled to opposite ends of the cell

16. Mitosis Telophase Ending phase
Chromatids reach the poles of the cell and begin to unwind
Two new nuclear membranes begin to form
Nuclei reappear

17. Cytokinesis After mitosis, the cell undergoes cytokinesis
This divides the cytoplasm
The cytoplasm is pinched (the furrow)
Creates two new cells

19. Animal Cell - Mitosis
Interphase                                                             
Prophase                                                             
Metaphase                                                             
Anaphase                                                             
Telophase                                                             

20. Plant Cell - Mitosis
Interphase                                                             
Prophase                                                             
Metaphase                                                             
Anaphase                                                             
Telophase                                                             

21. The Cell Cycle

22. I Pray More At The Church!
The Cell Cycle
Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis
I Pray More At The Church!

23. 9.3
Cell Cycle Regulation
In a normal cell cycle, different cyclin/CDK (proteins) combinations signal activities including DNA replication, protein synthesis, and nuclear division throughout the cell cycle.

24. Cell Cycle Regulation
These checkpoints monitor the cycle and can stop it if something goes wrong.
CANCER: the uncontrolled growth and division of cells
Cancer cell can kill an organism by crowding out normal cells, resulting in the loss of tissue function

26. Cell Cycle Regulation
The changes that occur in the regulation of cell growth and division of cancer cells are due to mutations.
Inherited
Carcinogens
Radiation

27. Cell Cycle Regulation Apoptosis: Programmed cell death
Cells going through this apoptosis actually shrink and shrivel in a controlled process

28. Cell Cycle Regulation

30. Stem Cells
Unspecialized (blank) cells that can develop into specialized cells when under the right conditions

31. 9.3
Stem Cells
Embryonic Stem Cells: After fertilization, the resulting mass of cells divides repeatedly until there are about 100–150 cells.
These cells have not become specialized.
Adult Stem Cells: Found in various tissues in the body and might be used to maintain and repair the same kind of tissue.
Less controversial because the adult stem cells can be obtained with the consent of their donor