Chemical Reactions Section 6.2

I. Reactants and Products A.Chemical reaction 1.Process where atoms or groups of atoms in substances are reorganized 2.Production of… i.Heat or light, and formation of a gas, liquid, or solid Chemical rxn physical rxnchemical rxn

II. Endothermic and Exothermic reactions A.Endothermic reaction 1.Endo= internal or absorbing 2.Thermic= relating to heat 3.Definition: Absorption of energy in the form of heat B.Exothermic reaction 1.Exo= external or outside 2.Thermic: relating to heat 3.Definition: releases energy in the form of heat

III. Chemical Equations A.Chemical Formulas 1.Describes substances in the reaction 2.Arrows indicate the process of change B.Reactants 1.Starting substances; on left side of the arrow C.Products 1.Substances formed during the reaction; on the right side of the arrow

III. Chemical Equations cont. A.Example: 1.Glucose and oxygen react to form carbon dioxide and water B.Example of balanced equation: 1.Mass cannot be created or destroyed; just changed form

Bombardier Beetle

Water and Solutions Section 6.3

I. pH and Buffers A.The measure of concentration of H + in a solution is called pH B.Acidic solutions have pH values lower than 7 C.Basic (alkaline) solutions have pH values higher than 7

II. Buffers A.Mixtures that can react with acids or bases B.Keep the pH within a particular range 1.Cellular pH with buffer: range

III. Energy of Reactions A.Activation energy 1.Minimum amount of energy needed for reactants to form products in a chemical reaction

IV. Types of Chemical Reactions A.Exothermic Reactions 1.Energy released in the form of heat 2.Energy of the product is lower than energy of the reactants

IV. Types of Chemical reactions cont. B. Endothermic 1.Energy absorbed in form of heat 2.Energy of the products is higher than energy of the reactants

Enzymes

I. Enzymes A.Catalyst: 1.Substance that lowers the activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction 2.Does not increase amount of product made 3.Does not get used up in the reaction B.Enzymes are biological catalysts C.Made of proteins

I. Enzymes cont. A.Reactants that bind to the enzyme are called substrates B.Active site 1.Specific location where a substrate binds on an enzyme 2.Changes shape and forms enzyme-substrate complex i.Helps chemical bonds in the reactants to be broken and new bonds to form C.Factors such as pH, temperature, and other substances affect enzyme activity D.Naming 1.Substrate name 2.Ending in -ase