Unit 1 INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY

I. INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY (pp.16-22) A. What is Biology? Biology means the___________. Bio=____logy=________ Biology is the science that seeks to understand the living world. So, what makes something living? study of life lifestudy of

B. Characteristics of Life 1. Living things are____________. a. A cell is the _______________________of life. Living organisms are grouped by the number of cells: ___________– single-celled organisms; ex. Bacteria, amoebas * ___________– organisms made up of more than one cell; ex. Humans, frogs, fish, insects, plants made of cells smallest working unit of life Unicellular Multicellular

B. Characteristics of Life 2. Living things____________________. a. Two main ways to obtain energy: *Some organism obtain energy directly from the _____and use it to make its own food, this process is called______________. Plants, some bacteria & protist use this process. *Other organisms have to obtain their energy from the food they eat like us, other animals & fungi. sun photosynthesis obtain & use energy

B. Characteristics of Life 2. Living things____________________. b. One way to use energy: * All organism uses its energy for __________- the combination of chemical reactions through which an organism __________ ____________________as it carries out its life processes Metabolism breaks down materials builds up or obtain & use energy

B. Characteristics of Life 3. Living things ___________________________________ Organisms detect & respond to stimuli from their environment. b. Examples: ________________________ Temperature,& light respond to their environment

B. Characteristics of Life 4. Living things maintain a ___________________________ Called: _____________- process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment stable internal environment Homeostasis

B. Characteristics of Life 5. Living things _______________ a. ________- all living things grow at least part of their lives, single-celled organism simple increase in size b. _____________- describes _________________that take place during the lifetime of an organism grow & develop Growth Development physical changes

B. Characteristics of Life 6. Living things are based on a ______________________ a. Deoxyribonucleic acid or ______ b. The genetic code carried in DNA molecule determines the ____________of every organism on Earth. universal genetic code DNA inherited traits

B. Characteristics of Life 7. Living things __________ a. If this did not occur, _______would die out b. Two ways: * _______- new organism has a single parent; example- single-celled organism splits in half. _____________________________ reproduce species asexual NO EXCHANGE OF GENETIC MATERIAL

B. Characteristics of Life 7. Living things __________ ______- two cells (___________) from different parents unit to form an _______. _____________________________ reproduce Sexualegg & sperm embryo IS AN EXCHANGE OF GENETIC MATERIAL

B. Characteristics of Life 8. As a group, ________________; this means, change of time. living things evolve

C. Branches of Biology/ Hierarchy of Life 1. _____- Smallest unit of _______that retains its elemental properties 2. ________- Groups of ______bonded together 3. ____- Smallest ____________of life Atommatter Moleculeatoms Cellworking unit

C. Branches of Biology/ Hierarchy of Life 4. _________- ________ living thing; depending on the complexity, an organism may be composed of: a. _______- groups of _____working together b. _______– groups of _______ working together c. ____________- groups of _________ working together OrganismIndividual Tissue cells Organ tissues Organ systemorgans

C. Branches of Biology/ Hierarchy of Life 5. __________- Group of organisms of ___________ in one area 6. __________- Different __________ that live together in a specific area 7. ___________- A __________and its non- living components 8. _________– Earth Population one species Communitypopulations Ecosystemcommunity Biosphere

II. THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE (p ) Organisms are composed of ______, which is anything that takes up space and has mass. All matter is composed of ________, pure substances that consists entirely of one type of ____. matter elements atom

A. Atoms 1. ___________- a. center of atom b. protons which have a _______charge c. neutrons which are ________ Nucleus positive neutral

A. Atoms 2. Electron cloud/orbital- a. space surrounding nucleus b. electrons in constant _______ in this space c. electrons have a _________ charged; therefore attracted to the + charged nucleus motion negative

A. Atoms 3. Charge of Atoms Have equal # of protons & electron so they are neutral

B. Elements naturally occurring elements essential to life 3. 4 making up 96% of living matter: _______________________________ 4. atomic # = # of protons that element contains. Ex. Atomic # of C = 6 carbon,hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

C. Compounds 1. elements combined in __________ of atoms form compounds 2. held together by chemical bonds 3. Chemical formula a. shorthand to show elements in a compound b. ________ = 2 hydrogen atoms, 1 sulfur atom, 4 oxygen atoms for a total of 7 atoms Ex. C6H6O6= __ carbon atoms, __ hydrogen atoms, __ oxygen atoms, total of ___ atoms fixed ratios H2SO

C. Compounds 4. Chemical Equation- a. recipe for making a compound b. Reactants- what goes _______________ c. Products- substance that is _______________ d. Ex. 2H 2 + O 2 2H 2 O; Reactant = _____________, Product = ____________ into the reaction formed H 2 &O2O2 H2OH2O

D. Chemical Bonds 1. Involves the valence electrons, what would be the ___________________ outermost electrons

D. Chemical Bonds 2. Ionic Bonds a. One or more electrons are ___________ from one atom to another b.Results in 2 oppositely charged particles called ____________ ** an atom that gains electrons has a ________ charge **an atom that losses electrons has a ________ charge transferred IONS positive negative

D. Chemical Bonds 2. Ionic Bonds c. Attraction between oppositely charged ions forms ionic bonds d. Ex. NaCl or table salt e. Weaker bonds than covalent

D. Chemical Bonds 3. Covalent Bonds a. electrons are being _______ b. results in very stable compounds called ______________ C. Ex. _________________________ D. Stronger bonds than ionic shared MOLECULES Water, Glucose,DNA

III.WATER (pp. 40 – 43) Water is the most abundant___________. Cells are made up of mostly water and most cells are_______ by water. The importance of water is largely due to its unique characteristics, which all directly relate to one very important property of water... Water is polar. substance on Earth surrounded

A. Polarity 1. ______________ of electrons in molecules formed with covalent bonds 2. How this works: A closer look at a water molecule: a. oxygen has __ protons in nucleus & each hydrogen has ___ proton in their nucleus Unequal sharing 8 1

A. Polarity b. ____ shared electrons will be more attracted to the more ________ charged oxygen nucleus; thus orbiting around the oxygen end of the molecule just about all the time c. The oxygen end will have a slightly _________ charge d. The hydrogen ends will have a slightly _______ charge e. Not true charges because the electrons are not transferred; just _________________ 10 positively negative positive shared unequally

B. Hydrogen “Bonds” 1. Not a ____ bond- does not form a ____ compound 2. Attraction between _________ molecules; like water true new two polar

B. Hydrogen “Bonds” 3. attraction between slightly ________ charged hydrogen end of one polar molecule and the slightly _________ charged end of another polar molecule. 4. EX. In water: forms between positively charged __ end of one water molecule and the negative end of another water molecule positively negatively H

C. Properties of Water 1. Cohesion or Surface tension a. Attraction between molecules of the _____ substance; water molecules stick ________ b. Ex. Insects walking on water; hurts to do a belly flop same together

C. Properties of Water 2. Adhesion or Capillary action a. attraction between molecules of _______ substances; water sticks to ______ surfaces b. Ex. How plants get water from roots to top; meniscus different other

C. Properties of Water 3. Solvent of life or Universal Solvent a. Slightly charged ends of water attract and separate atoms of other compounds; dissolving them b. Anything dissolved in water is called a solution c. Many important substances in cells are in solution

C. Properties of Water 4. High heat of vaporization a. Takes a lot of ________________ a small amount of water b. Our lakes are still here even with our recording setting summer heat heat to evaporate

C. Properties of Water 5. High specific heat a. Water absorbs _____ without its temperature ______ much b. Allows large bodies of water to maintain a stable temperature heat rising

C. Properties of Water 6. Expansion on Freezing a. Ice __________ than water; ice _____ b. Protects organisms and insulates lakes, rivers, & oceans less densefloats

C. Properties of Water 7. High heat of fusion a. Takes longer for lakes & streams to ______ in winter b. Not drastic temp. changes freeze