Mutation – any change in DNA sequence Can be caused by errors inside the cell ◦ Errors in Replication Transcription Cell division (mitosis, meiosis)
Outside Cuases of mutations = mutagens ◦ Radiation (x-rays, UV, nuclear, etc.) ◦ Chemicals (asbestos, formaldehyde, dioxins) ◦ High temperatures Repair mechanisms – ◦ Proofreading enzymes try to replace incorrect nucleotides earthobservatory.nasa.gov/.../dna_mutation.gif
Depends on the type of cell… ◦ Mutations in Reproductive Cells (sperm or egg) will be passed to offspring. ◦ Mutations in all other cells will only be passed to future cells but NOT offspring. Can cause problems for individuals
THE DOG BIT THE CAT THE DOG BIT THE CAR (Point Mutation) THE DOB ITT HEC AR (Frameshift Mutation)
Types of Mutations – 1. Point Mutations: change in single base pair May cause change in one amino acid.
2. Frameshift Mutations: shifts the reading of the mRNA codons a.) Addition of a base b.) Deletion of a base Deletion of an Adenine Generally are more harmful than point mutation.
3. Chromosomal mutations: changes in chromosomes. Occurs during mitosis or meiosis Broken, joined to wrong C, deletion, duplication, inversion Can cause the biggest problems. Delection C #5 : Cri du chat -- R. T: some Down Syndrome