1. Protein Synthesis

2. I. What is Protein Synthesis?
Using RNA to make a protein from the DNA instructions
The monomers of protein are Amino Acids

3. II. DNA and RNA
II. DNA and RNA are Nucleic Acids. What’s the difference between DNA and RNA?

4. DNA: Deoxyribose Sugar Nitrogen Bases: G, C, A, T
Double Stranded Shape
Instruction Manual- holds Instructions

5. RNA Ribose Sugar Nitrogen Bases: Single Stranded
G, C, A, U (uracil
U pairs with A
Single Stranded
Worker- uses instructions to make proteins

6. iii. Why is making proteins important?
Proteins help with:
Movement: Muscles and bones are made of proteins
Regulation: Enzymes control reactions
Structure- all living things are built from proteins

7. 4. Transports- Hemoglobin 5. Defense- Antibodies

8. IV. How does Protein Synthesis work?
Transcription
Occurs in the Nucleus
mRNA makes a copy of DNA instructions
Matching Bases:
U : A
G : C

9. Matching bases of DNA & RNA
Double Stranded DNA Unzips

10. Matching bases of RNA to DNA

11. U (instead of T) matches with A

12. U (instead of T) matches with A

13. RNA Splicing/Processing
Occurs in the Cytoplasm
Pieces of the pre-mRNA are removed to create mRNA

14. RNA Splicing/Processing
Using the pre-mRNA strand, remove the underlined part of the pre-mRNA
Intron= The pieces that are REMOVED
Exon= The pieces that are KEPT

15. C. Translation
Occurs on a ribosome

16. 2. tRNA helps “translate” the mRNA into amino acids (the tRNA brings the correct amino acid to the mRNA’s matching code)

17. How to complete Translation
Draw a line after every three letters in the mRNA code. These three letters are called a CODON.
Use the chart to translate the codons into amino acids

18. A – U – G – G – C – A – U – C – G – U – A – A
________ _________ _________ ________

19. A – U – G – G – C – A – U – C – G – U – A – A
Methionine ________ _________ ________

20. A – U – G – G – C – A – U – C – G – U – A – A
Methionine Alanine _________ ________

21. A – U – G – G – C – A – U – C – G – U – A – A
Methionine Alanine Serine _______

22. A – U – G – G – C – A – U – C – G – U – A – A
Methionine Alanine Serine Stop

23. Review
Protein Polymer

25. V. What if there are problems?

26. A mutation is any change in the DNA sequence.
A. What is a Mutation?
A mutation is any change in the DNA sequence.

27. 1. Mutations in Reproductive Cells
in gametes (sperm & egg cells)
could be passed on to offspring

28. 2. Mutations in Body Cells
normal cells (somatic cells)
cannot be passed on to offspring

29. Chromosomal mutations
VI. Types of Mutations
Gene mutations
&
Chromosomal mutations

30. A. Types of Gene Mutations
Point mutation-a change in a single base pair in the DNA.
May or may not interfere with protein production.
i.e. sickle cell anemia
THE DOG BIT THE CAT
THE DOG BIT THE CAR

32. Types of Gene Mutations
2. Frameshift mutation-where a single base pair is added or deleted, causing a shift in how the strand will be read.

33. Many proteins can be affected and will not function properly.
THE DOG BIT THE CAT
THE DOB ITT HEC AT

35. B. Types of Chromosome Mutations
1. Deletion-part of a chromosome is left out.

36. There is a small section of chromosome #5 that has been deleted

37. 2. Insertion-part of a chromatid breaks off & attaches to its sister chromatid.

38. 3. Inversion-part of a chromosome breaks off & reinserts backwards.

39. 4. Translocation-part of one chromosome breaks off & is switched with a piece from a different non-sister chromosome.

40. One example of translocation is chronic myelogenous leukemia
A portion of chromosome 22 switches places with a small fragment from 9

41. VII. What causes mutations?
A. Spontaneous mistakes
B. environment
any agent that can cause a change in DNA is called a mutagen. (x-rays, UV light, asbestos)

42. this works well, but is not perfect
C. DNA Repair
1. Enzymes in our cells remove the incorrect nucleotides & replace them with the right ones.
this works well, but is not perfect

43. Conclusion: What do mutations ultimately cause?
Since DNA is the instructions for making proteins…
and mutations are mistakes in the DNA code…
the mutations cause ABNORMAL PROTEIN PRODUCTION.