UV-to-Infrared laboratory spectroscopy facility for planetary solids and surfaces Trans-National Access – TNA B. Schmitt (LPG), J. Helbert (IPR), B. Reynard (LST), L. d’Hendecourt (IAS)

Goals Planetary studies based on spectroscopic remote sensing and in-situ: UV-Visible-IR spectroscopy and imaging spectroscopy of solids present at the surface or in the atmosphere (grains, aerosols, clouds) of solar system bodies. IR/Raman micro-spectroscopies for studies of extraterrestrial samples  Help scientists to prepare and analyze visible-infrared observations –ground or space based telescopes –exploration and in-orbit space missions –in-situ probe and rovers  Allow recording of laboratory spectra requisite for their analysis  Sample caracterization (extraterrestrial, synthetic, …)  Help development of space mission instruments : optical calibration

Objectives Spectroscopic facility Provide access to the planetary community to a complete and comprehensive set of laboratory spectroscopic tools to measure the spectroscopic properties – from the UV to the far-infrared – of natural, synthetic and technical solid samples and surfaces. Various instruments and techniques cover : –The whole solar flux + planetary thermal ranges ( µm) –Transmission spectroscopy –Emission spectroscopy –Reflection (bidirectional, diffuse and specular) spectroscopy –Micro-imaging infrared spectroscopy –Raman micro-spectroscopy and micro-imaging –Fluorescence micro-spectroscopy (LIF)

Research teams Laboratoire de Planétologie de Grenoble [LPG] (CNRS-UJF, Grenoble, France) B. Schmitt & al. Laboratoire des Sciences de la Terre (ENS-Lyon, France)[LST] B. Reynard & al. Institute of Planetary Research (DLR-Berlin, Germany)[IPR] J. Helbert & al. Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale (Univ. Paris, Orsay, France) [IAS] L. d’Hendecourt & al. + …

Instruments and techniques of facility LPG :- Transmission spectroscopy (Vis to far-IR) at room temperature at low temperature (> 10 K) - Bidirectional reflection spectroscopy of surfaces (UV to mid-IR) - Micro-imaging spectroscopy (near- and mid-infrared) + ATR IPR : - Thermal emission spectroscopy (1-50 μm) - Emission spectroscopy in vacuum and at temperatures up to 700K - Bi-conical diffuse reflection spectroscopy (Vis to mid-IR) LST :- Raman micro-spectroscopy with visible excitations: at room and at high pressure and temperature, at low temperature (77 K) - Raman micro-spectroscopy with UV excitations - Micro-imaging Raman spectroscopy with visible and UV excitations - Fluorescence spectroscopy with UV and visible excitations IAS :- Transmission spectroscopy (Vis to Far-IR) at low temperature (> 10 K) - IR micro-spectrometry (Mid to Far-IR) on the synchrotron facility SOLEIL - UV to Vis transmission spectroscopy of organic films - Spectro-fluorimetry of films and powders

Solid Materials that can be measured Ices, volatile molecules, hydrates, … Organics: simple, macromolecular materials, polymers, Rocks, minerals, salt, hydrated materials, … Other compounds (Sulfur compounds, …) Natural and Extraterrestrial samples (meteorites, IDP’s, …) Optical components (windows, filters, reflectors, …) Different physical state and texture : –Compact (rock, ice,..) –Powder (minerals, snow, …) : surface, –Thin films –Single grain, Monocrystals, polished thin section, … –Sample size : large (> 10 cm), medium (mm – cm), small (~10 µm) –Temperature : very low (10 K) to very high (700 K)

Transmission spectroscopy (0,4 – 200 µm) Sampling - Thin films on windows - crystals growth in cells - powder in KBr pellets - diffuse reflectance (future attachment) Side instruments : - Laser interferometry - UV an Vis irradiation - mass spectrometry (300 AMU) Infrared spectrometer (FTS) with cryogenic optical system ( K) under vacuum Solids : - Ices, Organics, - Minerals, … - Optical materials, …

Bidirectional spectral reflectance (0,3 – 4,8 µm) of granular and compact surfaces Variables : - angles (i,e,a) : ° - Spectral range/resolution/ and sampling - Temperature -40°C-20°C - Environment chamber -70°C – 200°C, atm. - Grain size, density, … Materials - Ices, minerals, salts, … - Organic materials, … - Geophysical materials, - Technical materials … Spectro-gonio Reflectometer - LPG

Instrumentation of the spectroscopy facility at IPR (DLR Berlin) Two Bruker FTIR spectrometers: Thermal emission spectroscopy Wavelength coverage 1-50 µm Planetary simulation chamber Vacuum capable Temperature up to 700 K Bi-conical diffuse reflection spectroscopy Wavelength coverage µm extended sample preparation capabilities extensive collection of planetary analog materials

Associated JRA project This TNA project is closely associated with a JRA project aimed at developing : –The instruments, measurements and analysis techniques provided in this facility –Spectroscopic data bases providing access to the whole community to spectra and products recorded with this facility.

Development of a UV-to-IR spectroscopy facility and associated data bases of planetary solids and surfaces Joint Research Activity – JRA B. Schmitt (LPG), J. Helbert (IPR), B. Reynard (LST), L. d’Hendecourt (IAS)

Objective 1 Develop the capabilities of the facility Expand : –our sampling techniques (micro-samples, …), –the conditions in which they can be measured (temperature, pressure, observation geometry, polarization, …) –the capabilities of our current instruments (spectral range, …).

Facility development Instruments developments : UV-Vis transmission spectroscopy Bi-conical diffuse reflection under vacuum in situ UV Raman micro-spectroscopy under high pressure and temperature Near to far infrared emission spectroscopy under vacuum and at high temperatures IR, UV-Vis transmission of organic films and molecular ices down to 10K … Methodology developments : Extraction of optical constants (from combined spectroscopies) Emission and reflection spectra modeling Spectro micro-images analysis (automated classification, identification, quantification, …)

Objective 2 : Data Bases Data bases requisite for the analysis of spectro-photometric observations and extraterrestrial sample measurements. Also of great help in the design of space mission observation strategies.  Provide the planetary community with : –several spectroscopic data bases (UV to far-infrared) of solids (compliant to Virtual observatory) –a physical properties data base of solids (ices, organic molecules, extraterrestrial and synthetic organic matter, minerals, …).  to be merged in IDIS ?

Databases development LPG : –General frame of databases. –UV-to-IR transmission spectroscopy and optical constants –Bidirectional and diffuse reflection spectroscopy, –Micro-imaging infrared spectroscopy. –Physical properties of solids. LST : –Raman and Fluorescence database for meteoritic and planetary analogue materials and hydrated glasses. IPR : –Near to mid-IR emissivity of planetary analog materials –Bi-conical diffuse reflection spectroscopy IAS : –Optical constants of organic materials (UV to far IR) –Emissivity of molecular ices in the submm.

Phase and temperature of H 2 O ice STSP Database (LPG) Transmission spectroscopy – Optical constants

Berlin Emissivity Database (BED - IPR) Measurement of the emissivity of planetary analog materials Wavelength coverage : 6-23µm (planned extension to 1-50 µm) Samples : 4 grain size fractions (down to less than 25 µm) BED is highly complementary to existing databases (e.g. the ASU Spectral library) Helbert et al Maturilli et al. 2006

Example data from the BED Data from BED and Maturilli, Helbert et al. 2005

Budget TNA per year5 years Post-Doc (4 x 6 months x 2-5 years) 4 x 18 k€ 305 k€ Operating costs (20% = 7-20 kE/instrument/y) 120 k€600 k€ Travel costs (participating teams) 20 k€100 k€ TOTAL :200 k€1005 k€

Budget per year5 years Post-Doc (4 x 6 months x 2-5 years): 4 x 18 k€ 305 k€ Engineer technical/computer (5 years):36 k€180 k€ Operating/equipment costs (databases): 20 k€100 k€ Equipment/development (facility):500 k€ Operating costs (7-20 kE/instrument/year) 120 k€ 600 k€ Travel costs (between participating teams)30 k€150 k€ TOTAL :365 k€1835 k€

IR emissivity lab – example of current projects Berlin Emissivity Database (BED) for planetary analog materials Support of MarsExpress PFS, Rosetta and VenusExpress VIRTIS data analysis by supporting lab measurements Study on the effect of dust loading on a radiator for long living lander missions Support of the development of MERTIS on BepiColombo by definition and measurement of Mercury analog materials

A set of analog materials for Mercury Helbert et al Internal number MineralSize separates (microns) LocalitySubclass, group, formula MA 1Andesine-Labradorite (An ) 0-25, 25-63, , Madagascar Tectosilicate, plagioclase feldspar (Ca,Na)(Al,Si)AlSi 2 O 8 MA 2Oligoclase0-25, 25-63, , Iveland, Norway Tectosilicate, plagioclase feldspar Na(Ca)AlSi 3 O 8 MA 3Anorthite0-25, 25-63, , Miyake, Japan Tectosilicate, plagioclase feldspar CaAl 2 Si 2 O 8 MA 4Orthoclase0-25, 25-63, , Froland, Norway Tectosilicate, potassium feldspar KAlSi 3 O 8 MA 5Enstatite En , 25-63, , Bamble, Norway Inosilicate, orthopyroxene (Mg,Fe)SiO 3 MA 6Diopside0-25, 25-63, , Otter Lake, Quebec, Canada Inosilicate, clinopyroxene Ca(Mg,Fe)Si 2 O 6 MA 7Forsterite Fo , 25-63, , San Carlos, Arizona, USA Nesosilicate, olivine (Mg,Fe) 2 SiO 4 MA 8Sulfur0-25, 25-63, , Agrigento, Sicily, Italy Element, non-metal, S MA 9Apollo 16 soil sample Descartes highlands, southeast rim of Buster crater Mature lunar soil A set of analog materials for Mercury is already part of the BED We are currently small standard sets of analog materials for Mars, Moon to be include in the BED

The Planetary Emissivity Laboratory (PEL) The Planetary Emissivity Laboratory allows measuring the emissivity of planetary analog materials in the wavelength range from 1-50 µm very high sensitivity in the NIR and MIR range - ideally suited to study fine grained materials The spectrometer can be evacuated to remove the effects of atmosphere emissivity chamber (developed at DLR) working with dry air purging is used replaced by a “real” planetary simulation chamber (PSC) will allow measurments under vacuum and for sample temperatures up to 700K The facility is capable of providing measurements on analog materials for a wide range of planetary bodies and space craft instruments ASU PEL NIR+MIR PEL FIR

Sketch of the Planetary Simulation Chamber Hot Blackbody with adjustable T Cold Blackbody (LN 2 ) and cold shield Optical port for FT spec Chamber access Sample cup with Tc Parabolic mirror Cooper cold shield (LN 2 ) Stepper motor for mirror drive Allows measurement under vacuum Samples can be heated up to 700K Thermal gradients can be introduced in the sample