Case 3 67 year-old married woman Born in West Africa In UK for 27 years Living in London Visited her country of origin July – Sept 2007 Husband died cause unknown (rapid weight loss) Son had died few months earlier – leukaemia 1

Case 3: April 2008 Presented to ED with 2-day history of: Lethargy Tiredness Weight loss Anorexia Fevers Night sweats 2

Case 3: PMH 1990Ophthalmologist (routine) 1990Registered with GP (HTN, DM, IBS, long- standing deranged LFTs) »2006 Abnormal LFT »2007 PUO, weight loss (? bereavement) 1996Neurology (3 year history dizziness - BPV) 1999Gynaecology - minor surgery 1998 – 2001 Gastroenterologist (IBS) »2006 – 2007 Abnormal LFT 2008Admitted elsewhere (Malaria) »Jan-April 2008 Post-malaria Px and ADR review »Since treatment fevers & headaches 3

Case 3: ward days 1 – 3 OE: Well-looking Lymphadenopathy HR 83, BP 149/75, 97% O2, Temp 38 5 Normal CVS, Respiratory, Neurological Abdo – non-tender hepatomegaly Nil else of note 4

Case 3: ward days 1 – 3 Initial investigations: –CXR clear –AXR NAD –Hb 8.1 ( )WCC 12.9Plt 120 –ESR 86CRP 84 –ALP 399 ( ) Alb 22 ( )Na 126 –Malaria films negative USS abdo –GB sludge and 2-3 stones –Spleen slightly enlarged Gastroscopy and biopsy –Candidal oesophagitis -> fluconazole HIV Ab positive, CD4 ~200 (8%) 5

Case 3: ward days 4 – 5 Transfused 3 units Commenced co-trimoxazole Empiric TB treatment considered but deferred HIV positive with PUO +/- TB/lymphoma 6

Case 3: ward days 6 – 11 Ongoing spiking temperatures 39 + Deterioration –Drowsy –Disorientated –Septic Sputum and bloods AFB neg Further investigations: –CSF - no viral/bacterial/protozoal pathogens –CT head - no space-occupying lesion –CT abdo - generalized lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly – likely lymphoma –CXR - bilateral pleural effusions, RML shadow –Treatment: Meropenem + teicoplanin Co-trimoxazole increased to treatment dose Frusemide Fragmin 7

Case 3: ITU days Day 11Admitted to ITU for respiratory support Day 12Sudden deterioration - ARF, Intubated + ventilated - Inotropic support, Lip Amph B + Isoniazid + rifampicin Day 13Multi-organ failure Day 20Ongoing family involvement throughout - Treatment withdrawn - Died with family present Post-mortem: No precipitating cause found 8

Case 3: summary 1990Ophthalmologist (routine) 1990Registered with GP (HTN, DM, IBS, long- standing deranged LFTs) »2006Abnormal LFT »2007PUO, weight loss (? bereavement) 1996Neurology (3 year history dizziness - BPV) 1999Gynaecology - minor surgery 1998 – 2001 Gastroenterologist (IBS) »2006 – 2007 Abnormal LFT 2008Admitted elsewhere (Malaria) »Jan-April 2008 Post-malaria Px and ADR review »Since treatment fevers & headaches 9

Q: At which of her healthcare interactions could HIV testing have been undertaken? 1.When she registered with her GP? 2.When she was seen in Neurology for dizziness? 3.When she was seen in Gastroenterology for IBS? 4.When she was seen in Gynaecology for surgery? 5. When she was seen in Gastroenterology for deranged LFTs? 6.When she was seen by GP for PUO/weight loss? 7.When she was admitted for malaria? 8.Should she have been referred to GUM to see a trained counsellor before HIV testing? 10

Who can test? 11

Who to test? 12

13 Rates of HIV-infected persons accessing HIV care by area of residence, 2007 Source: Health Protection Agency,

Who to test? 14

15 Who to test?

16 HIV prevalence (%) in adults (15–49) in Africa, Report on the global AIDS epidemic Source: UNAIDS Global Report 2008, Who to test?

1990Ophthalmologist (routine) 1990Registered with GP (HTN, DM, IBS, long- standing deranged LFTs) »2006Abnormal LFT »2007PUO, weight loss (? bereavement) 1996Neurology (3 year history dizziness - BPV) 1999Gynaecology - minor surgery 1998 – 2001 Gastroenterologist (IBS) »2006 – 2007 Abnormal LFT 2008Admitted elsewhere (Malaria) »Jan-April 2008 Post-malaria Px and ADR review »Since treatment fevers & headaches 17 At least 8 missed opportunities! If current guidelines used, HIV could have been diagnosed up to 18 years earlier

This patient came from an area of high HIV prevalence BUT had lived in the UK with a single partner for 27 years and so was perceived to be at low-risk of HIV With no behavioural risk factors in the initial medical history, the otherwise excellent medical teams looking after her did not think of HIV even when the diagnosis seems obvious with hindsight A perceived lack of risk should not deter you from offering a test when clinically indicated 18 Learning Points

The benefits of early diagnosis of HIV are well recognised - not offering HIV testing represents a missed opportunity UK guidelines recommend screening for HIV in adult populations where undiagnosed prevalence is >1/1000 as it has been shown to be cost-effective HIV screening should become a routine test when investigating PUO, chronic diarrhoea or weight loss of otherwise unknown cause UK guidelines recommend universal HIV testing for patients from groups at higher risk of HIV infection 19 Key messages

20 Also contains UK National Guidelines for HIV Testing 2008 from BASHH/BHIVA/BIS Available from: or