Issue 1 An Evaluation Of The Reasons For Changing Attitudes To Immigration Factor 1: Prejudice And Racism Factor 2: Isolationism & The First World War Factor 3: Economic Fear Factor 4: Social Fear Factor 5: Fear Of Revolution AIMS OF ESSAY: To understand why hostility towards immigration grew in the USA To explain why the American public supported immigration restriction

Aims Paragraph 2: Have The Background Knowledge & Argument To Write Your Second Paragraph On The Influence ‘Isolationism & WWI’ Had On Changing Attitudes To Immigration Describe The Reasons Why America Wanted A Return To Isolationism After WWI

PLAN FOR PARAGRAPH Isolationism & WWI Changing Attitudes 1. Start with an Opening Argument e.g. state there is a link between the isolated factor & the question 2. Put in Knowledge – discuss what the term means; who supported it & pre- WWI example 3. Put in Analysis – explain why this policy is used/how do American benefit from it? 4. Knowledge – discuss how WWI increased isolationist beliefs 5. Analysis – explain president Wilson's quote 6. Knowledge – discuss the how America was affected by WWI 7. Analysis – explain how American isolationism hardened after WWI 8. Evaluation – make a judgement between paragraph 1 & 2: WWI impacted changing attitudes but… where the immigrants came from was more important e.g. German’s welcome/Russian’s not Read Through Paragraph 2 On Handout

Example Paragraph

What Does Isolationism Mean? To remain isolated, or, on her own from foreign countries e.g. not become involved in other countries problems In 1796, President George Washington stated that the US should “steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world.” His warning against foreign ‘entanglements’ served as a fundamental principle of US foreign policy until the early 20 th century Clearly isolationism was NOT caused by World War One but it definitely increased in the years after thus an important factor in explaining why attitudes changed

Pre-WWI 11 other states quickly followed California’s example An example of an isolationist policy occurred in 1913 when the government passed the Alien Land Law which forbade Japanese and other Asian immigrants in California from owning farm land - 11 other states quickly followed California’s example As we already know Laws were made tougher in the 1920s with the passing of the 1921 Emergency Immigration Act AND The 1924 National Origins Act These Acts are all clear evidence that the USA wanted to protect the interests of ‘native born Americans’ from immigrant competition Which key percentages should you associate with these Acts…?

Isolationism and WWI When WWI broke out in 1914, President Wilson repeatedly urged the American people to be “neutral in thought as well as action” The USA had kept out of all the negotiations between the European powers in the years proceeding 1914 that led to the creation of the two alliance systems Why Do You Think Hostilities Towards Immigrants Could Increase If The USA Got Involved In WWI?

When America entered the war in 1917, it soon emerged that sympathies in America were mixed, which caused great tensions and a split in American society WASP Americans supported the Allied Powers as Britain and France seemed to represent democracy while Germany seemed to represent autocracy (one person with all the power) and militarism The 1910 census showed that out of the US population of 92 million, 32 million were 1 st or 2 nd generation immigrants who retained close ties to their home countries… More than 10 million were immigrants from the nations of the Central Powers and supported their mother country e.g. Germany & Italy Isolationism and WWI

In 1917, there were around 8 million German-Americans living in the USA At the outbreak of war, many were criticised for being too sympathetic towards the German Empire Former president Theodore Roosevelt denounced “hyphenated Americanism", insisting that dual loyalties were impossible in wartime 1. German-Americans As President Wilson said “any man who carries a hyphen around with him carries a dagger that he is ready to plunge into the vitals of this Republic” WHY COULD THIS IDEA OF HYPHENATED AMERICANISM CAUSE HOSTILITY TOWARDS IMMIGRANTS?

2. Irish & Italian-Americans 4.5 million Irish Americans lived in the USA during WWI Many harboured a deep rooted hatred towards Britain due to the English oppression they had endured in Ireland since the 17 th century Italian anarchist organisations often openly criticised towards America’s involvement in the war Many publications caused so much concern that their editors were arrested and deported at the end of war!

Isolationism After WWI Involvement in WWI was a break in the tradition of US foreign policy After WWI, most Americans were weary from fighting in a world war - 117,465 Americans had died & 205,690 were wounded Most Americans wanted a return to isolationism this can be shown through refusal to join The League of Nations (an organisation that had been suggested by the President in the first place…) There was a growing demand for an end to mass immigration which politicians could not ignore… By The End Of The War It Was Clear That Attitudes Towards Immigration Had Changed And The ‘Open-door’ Was Firmly Closing

SUM UP: Isolationism and Immigration After WWI, America’s attitude towards immigration clearly changed & became more firm In the post-war period America returned to isolating herself from Europe (especially Eastern and Southern Europe) by restricting the flow of immigrants through the quota system – which we already know about… This Meant That Only So Many Immigrants From Each Country Were Allowed Into The USA During The 1920s Which key percentages & dates should you associate with The Emergency Immigration Act & The National Origins Act …?

PLAN FOR PARAGRAPH Isolationism & WWI Changing Attitudes 1. Start with an Opening Argument e.g. state there is a link between the isolated factor & the question 2. Put in Knowledge – discuss what the term means & pre-WWI example 3. Put in Analysis – explain why this policy is used/how do American benefit from it? 4. Knowledge – discuss how WWI increased isolationist beliefs 5. Analysis – explain president Wilson's quote 6. Knowledge – discuss the how America was affected by WWI 7. Analysis – explain how American isolationism hardened after WWI 8. Evaluation – make a judgement between paragraph 1 & 2: WWI impacted changing attitudes but… where the immigrants came from was more important e.g. German’s welcome/Russian’s not

ISOLATIONISM OPENING ARGUMENT It can be argued that hostility towards new immigrants increased when the USA had to abandon her policy of isolationism during WW1 and immigrants loyalties to the USA were questioned.

ISOLATIONISM KNOWLEDGE 1 Explanation of isolationism When can it be dated back to – think famous president? For example: discuss the pre-WWI – 1913 Alien Land Law ARGUMENT 1 It can be argued that changing attitudes towards immigration had began pre-WWI and isolationism began… Because/in order to… Explain the intensions of passing this act

ISOLATIONISM KNOWLEDGE 2 America entering WWI had a part to play in increasing isolationist desires because… Explain why the war created tension with America ARGUMENT 2 It can be argued that WWI acted as a magnifying glass for America’s immigration tensions… … as President Wilson said: “any man who carries a hyphen around with him carries a dagger that he is ready to plunge into the vitals of this Republic” This shows/created… Explain why this quote is important

ISOLATIONISM KNOWLEDGE 3 After the war attitudes hardened – partly due to the human cost of life Describe numbers affected ARGUMENT 3 It can be argued that WWI did change attitudes toward immigration which can be seen through America’s policy of isolationism being hardened when they refusing to join…?

ISOLATIONISM EVALUATION: Therefore although Isolationism & WWI was an important factor in changing attitudes towards immigration, America had been Isolationist before the 1920s & it was the changing nature of immigration and American prejudice that really was the driving force behind changing attitudes toward as shown in the 1913 Act.