2.1.1 List the principal structures of the ventilatory system health science Exercise physiology Topic 2 Exercise Physiology 2.1.1 List the principal structures of the ventilatory system The principle structures of the respiratory system are: Nose/Mouth Pharynx Larynx: voice box Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Lungs Alveoli: final branching of the respiratory tree Sub-topics 1. Structure & function of the ventilatory system 2. Structure & function of the cardiovascular system

2.1.1 List the principal structures of the ventilatory system IB Sports, exercise and health science Exercise physiology Topic 2 Exercise Physiology 2.1.1 List the principal structures of the ventilatory system Sub-topics 1. Structure & function of the ventilatory system 2. Structure & function of the cardiovascular system http://www.umm.edu/respiratory/images/respiratory_anatomy.jpg

2.1.1 List the principal structures of the ventilatory system IB Sports, exercise and health science Exercise physiology Topic 2 Exercise Physiology 2.1.1 List the principal structures of the ventilatory system Sub-topics 1. Structure & function of the ventilatory system 2. Structure & function of the cardiovascular system http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HiT621PrrO0&feature=fvwrel http://www.umm.edu/respiratory/images/respiratory_anatomy.jpg

2.1.1 List the principal structures of the ventilatory system IB Sports, exercise and health science Exercise physiology Topic 2 Exercise Physiology 2.1.1 List the principal structures of the ventilatory system Sub-topics Smooth muscle tissue is found on the walls of some of our internal hollow organs. It produces smooth, rhythmical actions. We can not consciously control the action of smooth muscle. It is subsequently termed involuntary. e.g. movement of blood and air in the lungs DET PDHPE Distance Education Programme 1. Structure & function of the ventilatory system 2. Structure & function of the cardiovascular system

2.1.1 List the principal structures of the ventilatory system IB Sports, exercise and health science Exercise physiology Topic 2 Exercise Physiology 2.1.1 List the principal structures of the ventilatory system Sub-topics The trachea is a thin walled tube about the diameter of an average garden hose. It is composed of very thin, tough connective tissue and is strengthened at intervals by incomplete rings of cartilage. The trachea muscle runs down the posterior wall of the trachea. This is an example of smooth muscle. Solomon & Davis 1. Structure & function of the ventilatory system 2. Structure & function of the cardiovascular system

2.1.2 Outline the functions of the conducting airways IB Sports, exercise and health science Exercise physiology Topic 2 Exercise Physiology 2.1.2 Outline the functions of the conducting airways The nostrils are fringed with coarse hair, which strains large particles out of the airstream and may also serve to protect the nasal cavity from invasion by insects. Thanks to the structure of the nose, air entering the trachea is virtually 100% humidified. Solomon & Davis Sub-topics 1. Structure & function of the ventilatory system 2. Structure & function of the cardiovascular system

2.1.2 Outline the functions of the conducting airways IB Sports, exercise and health science Exercise physiology Topic 2 Exercise Physiology 2.1.2 Outline the functions of the conducting airways Air passes through the 3 portions (nose (nasopharynx), mouth (oropharynx), base of esophagus (laryngopharynx) of the pharynx, which provides a low resistance path for airflow, to the trachea via the larynx. In addition to its function as the voice box, the larynx protects the trachea from invasion by foods and fluids. The cartilaginous trachea, branches into the two main bronchi. The lining of the tracheobronchial system is designed to protect the lungs from dehydration and invasion by foreign particles, including micro-organisms. Solomon & Davis Sub-topics 1. Structure & function of the ventilatory system 2. Structure & function of the cardiovascular system

2.1.2 Outline the functions of the conducting airways IB Sports, exercise and health science Exercise physiology Topic 2 Exercise Physiology 2.1.2 Outline the functions of the conducting airways The lungs themselves develop at the end of the bronchi. They are elastic spongy organs. Gas exchange is carried out by a complex of structures at the end of each terminal bronchioles. They are simple thin walled structures which also have numerous thin-walled outpocketings called alveoli, which are specialized for the function of gaseous exchange. Solomon & Davis Sub-topics 1. Structure & function of the ventilatory system 2. Structure & function of the cardiovascular system

IB Sports, exercise and health science Exercise physiology Topic 2 Exercise Physiology 2.1.3 Define the terms pulmonary ventilation, total lung capacity, vital capacity, tidal volume, expiratory reserve volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and residual volume. Pulmonary ventilation: aka breathing. It is the process of air flowing into the lungs during inspiration (inhalation) and out of the lungs during expiration (exhalation). Air flows because of pressure differences between the atmosphere and gases inside the lungs. DET PDHPE Distance Education Programme Sub-topics 1. Structure & function of the ventilatory system 2. Structure & function of the cardiovascular system

2.1.3 Define respiratory terms IB Sports, exercise and health science Exercise physiology Topic 2 Exercise Physiology 2.1.3 Define respiratory terms Air, like other gases, flows from a region with higher pressure to a region with lower pressure. Muscular breathing movements and recoil of elastic tissues create the changes in pressure that result in ventilation. Pulmonary ventilation involves three different pressures: Atmospheric pressure Intraalveolar (intrapulmonary) pressure Intrapleural pressure Atmospheric pressure is the pressure of the air outside the body. Intraalveolar pressure is the pressure inside the alveoli of the lungs. Intrapleural pressure is the pressure within the pleural cavity. These three pressures are responsible for pulmonary ventilation. http://training.seer.cancer.gov/module_anatomy/unit9_2_resp_vent_mechanics.html Sub-topics 1. Structure & function of the ventilatory system 2. Structure & function of the cardiovascular system

2.1.3 Define respiratory terms IB Sports, exercise and health science Exercise physiology Topic 2 Exercise Physiology 2.1.3 Define respiratory terms It is important to understand the various volumes and capacities of the lungs in order to appreciate the effects of exercise on the respiratory system. Total lung capacity (TLC) can be calculated by adding vital capacity to residual volume of the lungs. During normal, quiet respiration, about 500mL of air is inspired. The same amount of air moves out with expiration. This volume of air is called the tidal volume (TV). When we forcibly take a deep breath, we can take in up to 3100mL above the tidal volume. This additional air is the inspiratory reserve volume (IRV). Browne et. al 2001 Sub-topics 1. Structure & function of the ventilatory system 2. Structure & function of the cardiovascular system

2.1.3 Define respiratory terms IB Sports, exercise and health science Exercise physiology Topic 2 Exercise Physiology 2.1.3 Define respiratory terms We can also forcibly exhale. This is termed the expiratory reserve volume (ERV). Even after the expiratory reserve volume is expelled, some air is still trapped in the lungs because of pressure. This is called the residual volume (RV). Browne et al 2001 DET PDHPE Distance Education Programme Sub-topics 1. Structure & function of the ventilatory system 2. Structure & function of the cardiovascular system

2.1.4 Explain the mechanics of ventilation in the human lungs IB Sports, exercise and health science Exercise physiology Topic 2 Exercise Physiology 2.1.4 Explain the mechanics of ventilation in the human lungs Diaphragm – a large, dome-shaped sheet of striated, musculofibrous tissue Primary ventilatory muscle Separates the abdominal, and thoracic (chest) cavities Intercostal muscles – muscles that run between the rib cage. Sub-topics 1. Structure & function of the ventilatory system 2. Structure & function of the cardiovascular system Solomon & Davis McArdle, Katch & Katch (2007)

2.1.4 Explain the mechanics of ventilation in the human lungs IB Sports, exercise and health science Exercise physiology Topic 2 Exercise Physiology 2.1.4 Explain the mechanics of ventilation in the human lungs During inspiration (inhalation) – the chest cavity increases in size because the ribs raise and the diaphragm contracts and descends, causing air to flow into the lungs. As lung pressure decreases, air in the lungs increases External intercostal muscles become active Internal intercostal muscles relax Why do athletes bend forward from the waist to facilitate breathing following exhausting exercise? Sub-topics 1. Structure & function of the ventilatory system 2. Structure & function of the cardiovascular system Promotes blood flow back to the heart Minimizes antagonistic effects of gravity on the usual upward direction of inspiratory movements McArdle, Katch & Katch (2007)

2.1.4 Explain the mechanics of ventilation in the human lungs IB Sports, exercise and health science Exercise physiology Topic 2 Exercise Physiology 2.1.4 Explain the mechanics of ventilation in the human lungs Sub-topics During exhalation – Thoracic (chest) cavity volume is reduced and air rushes out The diaphragm moves up and relaxes, and the ribs lower, which aids in bringing air out of the lungs As air pressure in the lungs increases, air decreases See figure 12.3 1. Structure & function of the ventilatory system 2. Structure & function of the cardiovascular system McArdle, Katch & Katch (2007) p. 262

2.1.4 Explain the mechanics of ventilation in the human lungs IB Sports, exercise and health science Exercise physiology Topic 2 Exercise Physiology 2.1.4 Explain the mechanics of ventilation in the human lungs This previous description is for quiet breathing. During strenuous exercise, internal intercostal AND abdominal muscles act powerfully on the ribs and abdominal cavity to reduce thoracic dimensions, making exhalation rapid and more extensive. In laboured inspiration (e.g. accompanying exercise), many of the muscles of the upper trunk are also recruited. They are only indirectly attached to the ribs, and are inefficient as respiratory muscles (e.g. Pectorals, Trapezius, Rhomboids). Sub-topics 1. Structure & function of the ventilatory system 2. Structure & function of the cardiovascular system McArdle, Katch & Katch (2007) Solomon & Davis

2.1.4 Explain the mechanics of ventilation in the human lungs IB Sports, exercise and health science Exercise physiology Topic 2 Exercise Physiology 2.1.4 Explain the mechanics of ventilation in the human lungs Sub-topics http://www.lib.mcg.edu/edu/eshuphysio/program/section4/4ch1/4ch1img/page17.jpg 1. Structure & function of the ventilatory system 2. Structure & function of the cardiovascular system

2.1.4 Explain the mechanics of ventilation in the human lungs IB Sports, exercise and health science 2.1.4 Explain the mechanics of ventilation in the human lungs Topic 2 Exercise Physiology Sub-topics 1. Structure & function of the ventilatory system 2. Structure & function of the cardiovascular system http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mf8xTqfspp4 There is an inverse relationship between air pressure and air in the lungs. As pressure increases, air in the lungs decrease. As pressure decreases, the lungs fill up with air.

Chemical control – Exercise physiology IB Sports, exercise and health science Exercise physiology Topic 2 Exercise Physiology 2.1.5 Describe nervous and chemical control of ventilation during exercise. Chemical control – Ventilation increases as a direct result of increases in blood acidity levels (low pH) due to increased carbon dioxide content of the blood detected by the respiratory center. Rate and depth of ventilation increases to try to rid the body of CO2 Sub-topics 1. Structure & function of the ventilatory system 2. Structure & function of the cardiovascular system The respiratory center is a collection of neural tissue. During exercise means an increase in breathing. pH – measures the hydrogen ion concentration McArdle, Katch & Katch (2007) www.physiol.med.uu.nl

IB Sports, exercise and health science Exercise physiology Topic 2 Exercise Physiology 2.1.5 Describe nervous and chemical control of ventilation during exercise. Nervous control – brain and nervous system Chemoreceptors - send sensory input to respiratory centers in the brain Muscle proprioreceptors - receive messages from chemoreceptors that control the force and frequency of respiratory muscle contraction Lung stretch receptors – monitor the amount of stretch in the lungs; they send signals to the respiratory centers to exhale and inhibit inspiration. Prevents damage to the lungs. Sub-topics 1. Structure & function of the ventilatory system 2. Structure & function of the cardiovascular system

2.1.6 Outline the role of hemoglobin in oxygen transportation IB Sports, exercise and health science Exercise physiology Topic 2 Exercise Physiology 2.1.6 Outline the role of hemoglobin in oxygen transportation Research task: Using a study of the effects of cardiovascular training at altitude, outline the role of hemoglobin in oxygen transportation. (1 A4 page – submit via Haiku in the dropbox – due December 6th) www.runnersworld.com/races/latest-research-training-and-racing-altitude Sub-topics 1. Structure & function of the ventilatory system 2. Structure & function of the cardiovascular system Altitude = any level of elevation above sea level Often at or above 3000 ft

2.1.6 Outline the role of hemoglobin in oxygen transportation IB Sports, exercise and health science Exercise physiology Topic 2 Exercise Physiology 2.1.6 Outline the role of hemoglobin in oxygen transportation Sub-topics 1. Structure & function of the ventilatory system 2. Structure & function of the cardiovascular system http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/images/ency/fullsize/19510.jpg

2.1.6 Outline the role of hemoglobin in oxygen transportation IB Sports, exercise and health science Exercise physiology Topic 2 Exercise Physiology 2.1.6 Outline the role of hemoglobin in oxygen transportation Hemoglobin – iron-protein molecule containing oxygen within blood cells. It transports oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body, such as the muscles, where it releases its load of oxygen. Increases blood’s oxygen-carrying capacity 65 times. As a result, people who are physically active, should eat iron-rich foods. Most (98.5%) of oxygen in the blood is transported by hemoglobin as oxyhemoglobin (oxygen binding to red blood cells. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemoglobin Sub-topics 1. Structure & function of the ventilatory system 2. Structure & function of the cardiovascular system The name hemoglobin is the concatenation of heme and globin, reflecting the fact that each subunit of hemoglobin is a globular protein with an embedded heme (or haem) group; each heme group contains an iron atom, and this is responsible for the binding of oxygen. In humans, each heme group is able to bind one oxygen molecule with one hemoglobin molecule can therefore bind four oxygen molecules. McArdle, Katch & Katch (2007).

2.1.7 Explain the process of gaseous exchange at the alveoli IB Sports, exercise and health science Exercise physiology Topic 2 Exercise Physiology 2.1.7 Explain the process of gaseous exchange at the alveoli Gas exchanges between the air in the alveoli, and the blood capillaries occur across the respiratory membrane in a process known as pulmonary diffusion. The most critical factor for gas exchange between alveoli and the blood is the pressure gradient between the gases in the two areas. According to Dalton’s law of partial pressures, the pressure of a mixture of gases equals the sum of the individual pressures (partial pressures) of each gas in the mixture. Browne et.al Sub-topics 1. Structure & function of the ventilatory system 2. Structure & function of the cardiovascular system Pressure gradient – direction and rate of pressure changes

2.1.7 Explain the process of gaseous exchange at the alveoli IB Sports, exercise and health science Exercise physiology Topic 2 Exercise Physiology 2.1.7 Explain the process of gaseous exchange at the alveoli If we take a normal breath of air (nitrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide), the total pressure of the air is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases in the blood, and the alveoli create a pressure gradient, so one into the other (from high partial pressure to low partial pressure) The partial pressure of oxygen arriving at the alveoli is high, and the partial pressure of it in the capillaries is low. Therefore oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood, and carbon dioxide will diffuse from the blood into the alveolus. Sub-topics 1. Structure & function of the ventilatory system 2. Structure & function of the cardiovascular system Pressure gradient – direction and rate of pressure changes

2.1.7 Explain the process of gaseous exchange at the alveoli IB Sports, exercise and health science Exercise physiology Topic 2 Exercise Physiology 2.1.7 Explain the process of gaseous exchange at the alveoli Sub-topics 1. Structure & function of the ventilatory system 2. Structure & function of the cardiovascular system