Chapter 11 A Democratic Revolution Analyze and Explain the rise of popular politics during the 1820’s What was the significance of the Jackson presidency? What were the origins and Ideology of the Whig party? How did the events of the 1820’s and 1830’s shape American culture?

I. The Rise of Popular Politics A. The Decline of Notables and the Rise of Parties Expansion of franchise Notables ruled Reapportionment Govt. as advocate

I. The Rise of Popular Politics A. The Decline of Notables and the Rise of Parties Political Party emerges as the organizing force in govt. Party “men” Martin Van Buren

Voting Requirements in the Early 19c

Voter Turnout:

I. The Rise of Popular Politics B. Election of 1824 Republican Split

Election of 1824 Candidate PartyElectoral Vote Popular Vote John Quincy Adams (Mass) Democratic- Republican 84115,696 Henry Clay (KY) Democratic- Republican 3747,136 Andrew Jackson (TN) Democratic- Republican 99152,933 William H. Crawford (GA) Democratic- Republican 4146,979

I. The Rise of Popular Politics B. Election of 1824 House of Representatives Corrupt Bargain?

I. The Rise of Popular Politics C. The Last Notable – John Quincy Adams Embraced Clay’s American System New Tariff (35%!!!)

Tariff Battles 3 Tariff of 1816  on imports of cheap textiles. 3 Tariff of 1824  on iron goods and more expensive woolen and cotton imports. 3 Tariff of 1828  higher tariffs on imported raw materials [like wool & hemp].  Supported by Jacksonians to gain votes from farmers in NY, OH, KY.  The South alone was adamantly against it.  As producers of the world’s cheapest cotton, it did not need a protective tariff.  They were negatively impacted  American textiles and iron goods [or the taxed English goods] were more expensive!

Votes in the House for the “Tariff of Abomination”

John Q. Adams

I. The Rise of Popular Politics D. “The Democracy” and the election of 1828 Jackson “runs” for office Democrats – Frightened “old” guard

1828 Election Results

Rachel Jackson Final Divorce Decree

II. The Jackson Presidency A. Jackson’s Agenda – Patronage and Policy Kitchen Cabinet Loyal and disciplined National Party Destroy Clay’s American System

II. The Jackson Presidency A. Jackson’s Agenda – Patronage and Policy Van Buren vs. John C. Calhoun

II. The Jackson Presidency B. The Tariff and Nullification Tariff of 1828 John C. Calhoun and Nullification

The Webster-Hayne Debate Sen. Daniel Webster [MA] Sen. Robert Hayne [SC]

Aim – Andrew Jackson: a Champion of the Common Man or King Andrew? Do Now - Answer Who is the man in the cartoon? What images are used in the cartoon? What is the message of the cartoon?

Webster: Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable. Jackson: Our Federal Union—it must be preserved. Calhoun: The Union, next to our liberty, most dear.

II. The Jackson Presidency B. The Tariff and Nullification Force Bill

II. The Jackson Presidency C. The Bank War Regulatory role of Bank Request for early re-charter (1832) “Pet Banks”

II. The Jackson Presidency D. Indian Removal Calls for resettlement of Natives Cherokee Legal Status? Indian Removal Act, 1830

II. The Jackson Presidency D. Indian Removal Cherokee Nation v. Georgia Worchester v. Georgia “ Trail of Tears

Indian Removal

The Cherokee Nation After 1820

II. The Jackson Presidency E. Jacksonian Impact Expands power of executive Veto Chief Justice Robert Taney Populism

Jackson’s Use of Federal Power VETO 1830  Maysville Road project in KY [state of his political rival, Henry Clay]

III. Class, Culture and the Second Party System A. The Whig Worldview Goal – Election of Candidates?

The 1836 Election Results Martin Van Buren “Old Kinderhook” [O. K.]

III. Class, Culture and the Second Party System B. Labor Politics and the Depression of “Closed Shop” Panic of 1837 – Unions disappear but –Commonwealth v. Hunt

The Specie Circular (1836) 3 Speculators created “wildcat banks” that fueled the runaway inflation. 3 So, buy future federal land only with gold or silver.  This move shocked the system. 3 Jackson’s goal  to curb the land speculation.

Results of the Specie Circular $Banknotes loose their value. $Land sales plummeted. $Credit not available. $Businesses began to fail. $Unemployment rose. The Panic of 1837! The Panic of 1837!

The Panic of 1837 Hits Everyone!

The Panic of 1837 Spreads Quickly!

III. Class, Culture and the Second Party System C. “Tippecanoe and Tyler Too” Blame for panic of 1837 Log Cabin Campaign Harrison – Tariff and Bank Harrison Dies – Tyler

III. Class, Culture and the Second Party System C. “Tippecanoe and Tyler Too” Harrison Dies – Tyler Tyler the Whig? Price of Democracy?

Essential Question: Champion of the “Common Man”? “King” Andrew? OR

Campaigning “on the Stump”

Why Increased Democratization? 3 White male suffrage increased 3 Party nominating committees. 3 Voters chose their state’s slate of Presidential electors. 3 Spoils system. 3 Rise of Third Parties. 3 Popular campaigning (parades, rallies, floats, etc.) 3 Two-party system returned in the 1832 election:  Dem-Reps  Natl. Reps.(1828)  Whigs (1832)  Republicans (1854)  Democrats (1828)

Jackson’s First Hermitage Residence

First Known Painting of Jackson, 1815

General Jackson During the Seminole Wars

The “Common Man’s” Presidential Candidate

Jackson’s Opponents in 1824 Henry Clay [KY] John Quincy Adams [MA] John C. Calhoun [SC] William H. Crawford [GA]

Results of the 1824 Election A “Corru pt Bargai n?”

Opposition to John Quincy Adams 3 Some believed he allowed too much political control to be held by elites. 3 Some objected to his support of national economic development on constitutional grounds.  Adams believed a strong, active central government was necessary.  A national university.  An astronomical observatory.  A naval academy. 3 Many Americans saw Adams’ vision of a might nation led by a strong president as a threat to individual liberties.

Tariff Battles 3 Tariff of 1816  on imports of cheap textiles. 3 Tariff of 1824  on iron goods and more expensive woolen and cotton imports. 3 Tariff of 1828  higher tariffs on imported raw materials [like wool & hemp].  Supported by Jacksonians to gain votes from farmers in NY, OH, KY.  The South alone was adamantly against it.  As producers of the world’s cheapest cotton, it did not need a protective tariff.  They were negatively impacted  American textiles and iron goods [or the taxed English goods] were more expensive!

Votes in the House for the “Tariff of Abomination”

Land & Indian Policies 3 John Quincy Adams:  His land policies gave westerners anothr reason to dislike him.  He attempted to curb speculation for public lands  his opponent accused him of denying their individual rights and freedoms to expand westward!  He supported the land rights of Native Americans against white settlers.  1825  govt. officials negotiated a treaty with a group of Creek Indians to cede their land rights to GA. The Creek Indians appealed to Adams to renounce the treaty. The Creek Indians appealed to Adams to renounce the treaty. Congress sided with the governor of GA. Congress sided with the governor of GA.

The 1828 Election 3 Jackson’s campaign was engineered by Senator Martin Van Buren of NY  He wanted to recreate the old Jeffersonian coalition of:  Northern farmers and artisans.  Southern slave owners.  Farmers with small land holdings.  He created the Democratic Party from the remains of Jefferson’s old party:  Created a national committee that oversaw local and state party units.  Mass meetings, parades, picnics.  A lot of political mudslinging on both sides.

Rachel Jackson Final Divorce Decree

Jackson in Mourning for His Wife

1828 Election Results

The Center of Population in the Country Moves WEST

The New “Jackson Coalition” 3 The Planter Elite in the South 3 People on the Frontier 3 Artisans [competition from factory labor]. 3 State Politicians  spoils system  To the victor belong the spoils of the enemy! [William Marcy of NY] 3 Immigrants in the cities.

Jackson as Satan Dangles the Spoils of Victory over his Supporters

Jackson’s Faith in the “Common Man” 3I3I3I3Intense distrust of Eastern “establishment,” monopolies, & special privilege. 3H3H3H3His heart & soul was with the “plain folk.” 3B3B3B3Belief that the common man was capable of uncommon achievements.

The Reign of “King Mob”

Andrew Jackson as President

The “Peggy Eaton Affair”

The Webster-Hayne Debate Sen. Daniel Webster [MA] Sen. Robert Hayne [SC]

Calhoun Ascends the Platform that Leads to Despotism

1832 Tariff Conflict > new tariff 3 South Carolina’s reaction? 3 Jackson’s response? 3 Clay’s “Compromise” Tariff?

Clays Sews Up Jackson’s Mouth (1834)

Indian Removal 3 Jackson’s Goal?  Indian Removal Act 3 Cherokee Nation v. GA (1831) * “domestic dependent nation” 3 Worcester v. GA (1832) 3 Jackson: John Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it!

The Grand National Caravan Moving West

Trail of Tears ( )

Jackson’s Professed “Love” for Native Americans

Jackson’s Use of Federal Power VETO 1830  Maysville Road project in KY [state of his political rival, Henry Clay]

The National Bank Debate Nicholas Biddle Nicholas Biddle [an arrogant aristocrat from Philadelphia] President Jackson

Opposition to the 2 nd B.U.S. “Soft” (paper) $ “Hard” (specie) $ 3s3s3s3state bankers felt it restrained their banks from issuing bank notes freely. 3s3s3s3supported rapid economic growth & speculation. 3f3f3f3felt that coin was the only safe currency. 3d3d3d3didn’t like any bank that issued bank notes. 3s3s3s3suspicious of expansion & speculation.

The “Monster” Is Destroyed! 3 “Pet Banks”  Jackson vetoed the extension of the 2 nd National Bank of the United States  the charter expired  the bank went bankrupt!

The Downfall of “Mother Bank”

The Bank & the 1832 Election 3 Jackson saw Biddle’s pushing forward a bill to renew the Bank’s charter earlier as an attempt to block his re-election!  Biddle & his associates preferred Clay.  Jackson refused to sign the bill to re- charter.  The Bank is trying to destroy me, but I will destroy it!  Jackson drops Calhoun and runs with Martin Van Buren.  BUT, both parties [Democrats & Whigs] had contradictory positions regarding their party principles, to many of the issues of the day!

An 1832 Cartoo n: “King Andre w”? An 1832 Cartoo n: “King Andre w”?

Positions on the Key Issues of 1832 WHIGSWHIGSDEMOCRATSDEMOCRATS Less concerned about the widening gap between rich and poor. Less concerned about the widening gap between rich and poor. Opposed “liberal capitalism” because they believed it would lead to economic chaos. Opposed “liberal capitalism” because they believed it would lead to economic chaos. Strong national govt. to coordinate the expanding economy was critical. Strong national govt. to coordinate the expanding economy was critical. Opposes Indian removal. Opposes Indian removal. Favored tariffs. Favored tariffs. Supported a National Bank. Supported a National Bank. Felt the widening gap between rich and poor was alarming. Felt the widening gap between rich and poor was alarming. Believed that bankers, merchants, and speculators were “non-producers” who used their govt. connections to line their own pockets. Believed that bankers, merchants, and speculators were “non-producers” who used their govt. connections to line their own pockets. Govt. should have a hands- off approach to the economy to allow the little guy a chance to prosper. Govt. should have a hands- off approach to the economy to allow the little guy a chance to prosper. For Indian removal. For Indian removal. Oppose tariffs. Oppose tariffs. States’ rights. States’ rights. Oppose federal support for internal improvements. Oppose federal support for internal improvements. Opposed the National Bank. Opposed the National Bank.

1832 Election Results

The 1836 Election Results Martin Van Buren “Old Kinderhook” [O. K.]

Andrew Jackson in Retirement

Photo of Andrew Jackson in 1844 (one year before his death)