CELL PROCESSES What keeps them alive?

Moving Cellular Materials Cells have a _____ membrane that regulates what goes into or out of the cell. Passive transport - the movement of substances through a cell membrane _____ the use of energy.

Diffusion - when molecules move away from areas where there are more of them into areas where there are _____ of them; stops when molecules of one substance are spread evenly throughout another substance and _____ occurs. Osmosis - the diffusion of _____ through a cell membrane.

In facilitated diffusion, _____ move substances into and out of the cell. Active transport requires _____ to move substances through a cell membrane. Endocytosis - the process in which a substance is taken into a cell by surrounding it with the _____, forming a sphere called a vesicle. Exocytosis - the process in which the membrane of the vesicle fuses with the cell’s membrane and the vesicle’s contents are _____ the cell.

Photosynthesis - the process that plants and other organisms use to convert _____ into chemical energy or sugars to be used as food. _____- organisms that make their own food; _____- organisms that can’t make their own food. Chlorophyll and other pigments are used to in photosynthesis to capture _____ which is used to produce sugar and _____.

Respiration - the process in which chemical reactions break down food molecules into simpler substances and ____ Respiration of carbohydrates begins in the _____. Carbohydrates are broken down into _____. Each glucose molecule is broken down into two _____ molecules, releasing energy.

Respiration moves into the _____. The two simpler molecules are _____ again, releasing much more energy. This process uses _____ and produces CO2 and water as waste.

Fermentation - cells that do not have enough oxygen for respiration use this process to release some of the stored energy in _____ molecules. Entire process occurs in the _____. Produces _____, _____, and carbon dioxide as wastes.

Photosynthesis and _____ - almost the opposite of each other. Photosynthesis produces __________, which are used in respiration. Respiration produces __________, which are used in photosynthesis.

permeable

without

fewer

equilibrium

water

Transport proteins

energy

Cell membrane

Released outside

Sunlight energy

producers

consumers

sunlight

oxygen

Released stored energy

cytoplasm

Glucose molecules

simpler

glucose

cytoplasm

Lactic acid, alcohol

mitochondria

Broken down

oxygen

respiration

Sugars and oxygen

Carbon dioxide and water