Midterm Distribution 31 A’s, 37 B’s, 26 C’s, 21 D’s, 17 F’s.

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Midterm Distribution 31 A’s, 37 B’s, 26 C’s, 21 D’s, 17 F’s

Common Mistakes  Do the algebra first!  Units, Units, Units  Does your answer make sense?  Using ratios

Lecture 18: Telescopes and Observational Astronomy

There are two kinds of telescopes  Refracting  Refracting: a lens is used to focus the light from distant objects.  Reflecting  Reflecting: a primary mirror is used to gather and focus light.

A Refracting Telescope

A Reflecting Telescope

Alternative designs for reflecting telescopes

Charge Coupled Devices (CCD)

Fundamental Telescope Properties  Light collecting area (diameter of primary mirror or lens)  angular resolution (smallest angular distance that can be resolved clearly)  limited by effects of Earth’s atmosphere

Angular Separation  = 360 o. s /(2  d) “small angle formula”

Angular Resolution

Diffraction

The Diffraction Limit diffraction limit = 2.5 x 10 5 x wavelength of light (arcsec) diameter of telescope Find the diffraction limit of the 2.4 m Hubble Space Telescope for visible light (500 nm). d.l. = 2.5 x 10 5 (500 x m/2.4 m) = 0.05 arcsec

Where to put your telescope  high and dry – to minimize the blurring effects of the Earth’s atmosphere and emission/absorption from water vapor  away from light pollution  with roads, electricity, and other support systems nearby

The Summit of Mauna Kea

The Keck Telescopes

The Magellan Telescopes

Basic Functions of Telescopes  Imaging/photometry  accurate measurement of light intensity  filters can be used to separate into different colors  spectroscopy  light spread out using a diffraction grating  time sequence  how an object’s brightness changes with time

A Basic Spectrograph

Spectral Resolution

Telescopes across the spectrum

Hubble Space Telescope

Infra-red Telescopes SOFIA SIRTF

Radio Telescopes Arecibo Very Large Array (VLA)

Interferometry  An array of smaller telescopes can be used together  the light gathering power is equal to the sum of all the areas  the angular resolution is greatly improved

X-ray Telescopes grazing incidence mirror

Chandra X-ray Observatory

Compton Gamma-ray Observatory

Images of non-visible light

Radio CO FIR NIR vis. X-ray gamma ray