Intrusive or plutonic magma crystallizes at depth in the Earth: Granite  Volcanic or extrusive: magma crystallizes on the surface of the Earth: Lava

Very Fast cooling (days) on the surface results in many small crystals or quenching to a glass. Obsidian, pumice Fast cooling (days to weeks) small crystals fine grain: basalt Slow cooling (10 3 s of years) large crystals, course grain.

 Limestone: sea shells, CaCO 3 Sandstone : seas shells and mud Zion National Park

Pressure: Major Earth movements ( Earthquakes) example: Gneiss Heat close to Igneous intrusion Ex. schist

 How can sedimentary rock become igneous rock?  How can igneous rock become sedimentary rock?

 O  Si  Al  Fe  Ca  Na  K  Mg

 Caterpillar’s view of mining Caterpillar’s view of mining

 Habitat destruction  Soil erosion  Air pollution from dust particulates  Pollution (especially from sediments) Pollution (especially from sediments  Acid mine damage  Water and oxygen dissolve and react with compounds  FeS 2 is oxidized  H 2 SO 4

 Strip mining, as the name describes, is a process of removing rock and soil in strips to get to the valuable mineral ores below.  Alberta tar sands  4 barrels of water to make 1 barrel of oil  Water gets put into a slurry pit, not back into river.

 similar to the strip mining but on a much larger scale.

 Pit mining involves digging a large hole to gather rocks and minerals from the Earth’s crust  Tar sand pits in Alberta: Energy: Water: Pollution: Global warming

 Disrupts land  Topography: alters the watershed  Soil texture: compacts soil, decrease particle size  Soil microbes: reduces nutrient cycling  Pollutes surface and ground water  Sedimentation: dams water ways, inhibits development of eggs and larvae  Acid drainage: Pyrite contains sulfur  FeS2 + H20 > Fe + SO + H  Mine subsidence Mine subsidence  Above ground collapses

 Establish topography to prior condition  Replace topsoil  Seed and plant native vegetation