Sapphire grey, black dull hexagonal faces hardness = 9 Ruby Smoky Quartz brownish-yellow glassy crystal point hardenss = 7 Moonstone white, grey, orange dull/pearly box-like faces hardness = 5 Apache Tear black obsidian dull to glassy no faces hardness = 7 Sapphire grey, black dull hexagonal faces hardness = 9 Ruby pinkish red

1. Line up your stones in order across your paper towel 1. Line up your stones in order across your paper towel. Choose 7 you want to identify 2. Color - that's easy! 3. Luster = glassy, dull, or metallic? 4. Diaphaneity = is it transparent, translucent or opaque? Hold it up to the light! 5. Streak = use the white streak plate. If you don't see a streak, than the streak color is white 6. Hardness = - if your fingernail can't scratch it...then it is harder than 2.5 - if the stone can scratch a penny...then it is harder than 3.5 - if it can scratch the glass plate...then it is harder than 5.5 - Last, borrow a ruby or sapphire. If it can scratch that, then you have a ruby or sapphire. If not, you probably have a stone with a hardness of 7. 7. Density = mass / volume For mass, use the TBB. For volume, use water displacement.

Name of Stone Hardness Density

Hardness vs. Density Hardness Density

Peridot or Olivine Color: Green Luster: Glassy Diaphaneity: Transp or Transl Streak: Hardness: Density:

Color: red, purple, brown Garnet Color: red, purple, brown Luster: Glassy Diaphaneity: Transp or Transl Streak: Hardness: Density:

Color: purple and white Amethyst Color: purple and white Luster: Glassy Diaphaneity: Transp or Transl Streak: white Hardness: 7 Density:

Rock Crystal Quartz Color: clear Luster: Glassy Diaphaneity: Transp Streak: white Hardness: 7 Density:

Smoky Quartz Color: brown, gray Luster: Glassy Diaphaneity: Transp Streak: white Hardness: 7 Density:

Agate Color: banded colors Luster: Glassy Diaphaneity: translucent to opaque Streak: white Hardness: 7 Density:

Color: pale colors (gray, white, peach) Moonstone Color: pale colors (gray, white, peach) Luster: Glassy to dull Diaphaneity: translucent to opaque Streak: Hardness: 5 Density:

Apache Tear Color: black Luster: Glassy to dull Diaphaneity: translucent Streak: Hardness: 7 Density:

Color: silver metallic Galena Color: silver metallic Luster: metallic Diaphaneity: opaque Streak: Hardness: Density:

Pyrite (Fools Gold) Color: gold metallic Luster: metallic Diaphaneity: opaque Streak: black Hardness: Density:

Color: rainbow metallic Pyrite (Fools Gold) Color: rainbow metallic Luster: metallic Diaphaneity: opaque Streak: Hardness: Density:

Turquoise Color: aqua blue Luster: glassy Diaphaneity: opaque Streak: Hardness: Density:

Chrysocolla Color: blue-green Luster: dull Diaphaneity: opaque Streak: Hardness: Density:

Ruby (Corundum) Color: plum, pinkish Luster: dull Diaphaneity: opaque Streak: none Hardness: 9 Density:

Sapphire (Corundum) Color: grayish Star Sapphire Luster: dull Diaphaneity: opaque Streak: none Hardness: 9 Density: Star Sapphire

FRONT OF ROOM No one sits here at this table X X X X X X X X X X X X X

The Gem Dig Geology Jail Guidelines 1. Every geologist must have a couple of paper towels in front of you during the dig 2. You must leave your gems out in front of you at all times. 2. At the end, each geologist will be given a plastic bag. Your name and period must be on this bag Geology Jail Guidelines If you go to jail, your bail is gems...and I get to pick. ·If you whine about wanting bigger or better stones...JAIL! ·If you whine about wanting me to go faster...JAIL! ·If you steal anyone's stones...JAIL...big time JAIL! ·If you attempt to trade during the dig...JAIL! ·If you splash the river water...JAIL! ·If you leave your river station and chase me around...JAIL! ·If you whine about JAIL...More JAIL!

Geodes

GEM DIG Research and Background Information 1. What are minerals? An inorganic solid, made of one or more elements, with a crystalline structure (3,000 known!) 2. How are rocks different from minerals? A rock is mixture of 2 or more minerals. 3. What are crystals and gems? Form when minerals cool and have time and space to crystallize.

4. How do we identify gemstones? · _____________________________________________________

COLOR

Hardness A stone can scratch anything below it on the chart

Friedrich Mohs Questions: 1. True/False...Talc can scratch gypsum 2. True/False...Quartz can scratch Fluorite. 3. True/False...Fluorite can scratch Quartz 4. True/False...you can scratch quartz with a kitchen knife. 5. True/False...Calcite can put a scratch in glass. 6. True/False...your fingernail can scratch Gypsum. 7. True/False...nothing can scratch a diamond. Friedrich Mohs

Diaphaneity Transparent Opaque Translucent

Streak

Luster Glassy Dull Metallic

Density = mass (g) / volume (cm3)

Solid Earth materials that are made from a mixture of WHAT ARE ROCKS? Solid Earth materials that are made from a mixture of minerals. Abiotic (non-living)

Igneous Formed directly from cooled magma! http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/investigations/es0603/es0603page01.cfm?chapter_no=investigation

Sedimentary when sediments get cemented together! CLASTIC: When little pieces of rocks are cemented together CHEMICAL: When water evaporates and leaves dissolved minerals behind ORGANIC: Accumulation of shells and bones

Let's get to know some rocks http://www.learner.org/interactives/rockcycle/types.html

Station # Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic 1 / 2 3 4 5 6

METAMORPHIC... changed due to heat and pressure below the Earth

The Rock Cycle

http://www.phschool.com/atschool/phsciexp/active_art/rock_cycle/index.html http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/investigations/es0602/es0602page02.cfm http://www.learner.org/interactives/rockcycle/change4.html

Cloning an extinct mountain goat! A mouse-human hybrid petered out after just one [cell] division. The cow and rabbit human hybrids went further, but stopped at the point when maternal DNA is supposed to kick in and turn the ball of cells into a proper embryo, New Snake Fossil found ·as long as a school bus ·big as a Volkswagon, 2500 pounds ·60 mya ·How could Earth support such a big cold-blooded animal? Cloning an extinct mountain goat! Amphibious primitive whale...came onto land to give birth

Age of the dinosaurs - life advances in the oceans - life moves Age of the Mammals Age of the dinosaurs - life advances in the oceans - life moves to the land soft-bodied aquatic life develops

·Often correlating with meteor impacts ·Depends on our revolution through the galaxy, when we go through a heavy band of meteors

PLATE TECTONICS!!! BBC Model: http://tanasi.gg.utk.edu/courses/101/public/BBC/default.html

1912...Alfred Wegener proposed theory of continental drift!

Today we call it the Theory of PLATE TECTONICS!!! http://www.suu.edu/faculty/colberg/Hazards/PlateTectonics/18_Pangaea.html

Big Question: What is our evidence of plate tectonics? 1. Continental Shape Puzzle 2. Fossil similarities 3. Rock similarities 4. Andean mountains http://www.exploratorium.edu/origins/antarctica/ideas/gondwana2.html

So...if the plates keep on moving, then things are going to change, right??? Above: The possible appearance of the Earth 50 million years from now. ·Africa has collided with Europe, closing off the Mediterranean Sea. ·Atlantic has widened ·Australia has migrated north. ·Image courtesy of Dr. Christopher Scotese.

Pangea Ultima...250 million years into the future! ·Africa is going to smash into Europe ·Australia migrates north to merge with Asia ·Atlantic Ocean will probably widen for a spell before it reverses course and later disappears.

Its all about the plates! USE 3 SHEETS OF PAPER TO MAKE A FOLDABLE Pass that plate, will ya? TITLE PAGE Its all about the plates! (cheesy title!) Plate Tectonics SUPERCONTINENTS PLATE DETAILS CONVECTION CURRENTS CONVERGENT BOUNDARIES = WHEN PLATES COME TOGETHER DIVERGENT AND TRANSFORM BOUNDARIES

1912 - Alfred Wegener proposed the theory of continental drift 1912 - Alfred Wegener proposed the theory of continental drift...the continents are on the move! his picture here! 245 mya picture of pangaea 205 mya SUPERCONTINENTS

Lithosphere = rocky crust, rigid upper mantle - Oceanic Crust (below oceans)...more dense - Continental Crust (land!)...less dense Asthenosphere = part of mantle, slowly moving PICTURE OF LITHOSPHERE AND ASTHENOSPHERE ·7 major plates ·7 minor plates ·always in motion, 2-3cm per year PLATE DETAILS

Volcano Map

Earthquake Map

Hotter magma rises and cooler magma sinks In asthenosphere: Hotter magma rises and cooler magma sinks CONVECTION CURRENTS! CONVECTION

Convection Boundaries http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es0805/es0805page01.cfm http://education.sdsc.edu/optiputer/flash/convection.htm Boundaries http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es0804/es0804page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization http://esminfo.prenhall.com/science/geoanimations/animations/35_VolcanicAct.html http://www.pbs.org/wnet/savageearth/animations/hellscrust/main.html

Oceanic/Oceanic What is subduction? Oceanic/Continental Continental/Continental Oceanic/Oceanic What is subduction? When one plate gets pushed beneath another CONVERGENT BOUNDARIES = WHEN PLATES COME TOGETHER

Continental: Transform Boundaries: When plates slide! Earthquakes result! Divergent Boundaries: When plates move apart Oceanic: Continental: DIVERGENT AND TRANSFORM BOUNDARIES

Cyanobacteria...First life!

Prokaryotic Cell Structure Eukaryotic Cell Structure DNA (no membrane) DNA

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