I. The Discoveries and Achievements of the Scientific Revolution II. The Search for Scientific Knowledge III. The Causes of the Scientific Revolution IV. The Intellectual Effects of the Scientific Revolution V. Humans and the Natural World

I. The Discoveries and Achievements of the Scientific Revolution A. Astronomy: A New Model of the Universe Aristotle (384-322 B.C.E.) earth-centered Claudius Ptolemy (100-170 C.E.) Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) The Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, 1543 heliocentric Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) New Astronomy Galileo Galilei 1609, telescope The Starry Messenger, 1610 Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, 1632

I. The Discoveries and Achievements of the Scientific Revolution B. Physics: The Laws of Motion and Gravitation Robert Hooke (1635-1703) Christian Huygens (1629-1695) Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) Cambridge, Professor of Mathematics Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, 1687 Synthesis of Galileo, Kepler, Hooke, Huygens C. Chemistry: Discovering the Elements of Nature Paracelsus (1493-1541) rejects idea of humors Robert Boyle (1627-1691) D. Biology: The Circulation of the Blood William Harvey (1578-1657) circulation

II. The Search for Scientific Knowledge A. Observation and Experimentation Francis Bacon (1561-1626) New Organon, 1620 B. Deductive Reasoning René Descartes (1596-1650) Discourse on the Method, 1637 C. Mathematics and Nature Pythagoras (582-507 B.C.E.) Plato (c. 428-348 B.C.E.) D. The Mechanical Philosophy Neoplatonists Plotinus (205-270 C.E.) William Gilbert (1544-1603)

III. The Causes of the Scientific Revolution A. Developments within Science Late Medieval Science empirical Renaissance Science Natural philosophers Copernicus read Aristarchus of Samos Democritus (fl. c. 480 B.C.E.) Archimedes (287-212 B.C.E.) Paradigms Ptolomaic system epicycles eccentric orbits

III. The Causes of the Scientific Revolution B. Developments Outside Science Protestantism Patronage Galileo Chief Mathematician at University of Pisa Cosimo II Academies Academy of Experiment, Florence, 1657 Royal Society, England Printing Press Military and Economic Change Voyages of Exploration

IV. The Intellectual Effects of the Scientific Revolution A. Education B. Skepticism and Independent Reasoning Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677) A Treatise on Religion and Political Philosophy, 1670 C. Science and Religion Heliocentric theory v. established ideas Deists John Locke The Reasonableness of Christianity, 1695 Blaise Pascal (1623-1662) Reflections, 1670 D. Magic, Demons and Witchcraft Natural v. Demonic magic Balthasar Bekker The Enchanted World, 1691-1693

V. Humans and the Natural World A. The Place of Human Beings Giordano Bruno (1548-1600) The Infinite Universe, 1584 Johannes Kepler Sominium, or Lunar Astronomy, 1634 Francis Godwin The Man in the Moon, 1638 Cyrano de Bergerac The Other World, 1657 Bernard de Fontenelle Treatises on the Plurality of Worlds, 1686 B. The Control of Nature C. Women, Men and Nature Princess Elisabeth of Bohemia correspondence with Descartes Margaret Cavendish (1623-1673)