THE NEW FRONTIER AND THE GREAT SOCIETY CHAPTER 24 THE NEW FRONTIER AND THE GREAT SOCIETY

CH. 24 - SECT.1 ELECTION OF 1960 JOHN F. KENNEDY (DEM.) VS. RICHARD NIXON (REP.) TV DEBATE - FIRST EVER ISSUES - ECONOMY AND COLD WAR VERY CLOSE ELECTION BUT JFK WON WHY WOULD A TV DEBATE FAVOR JFK OVER NIXON? OLD VS. YOUNG POOR QUAKER FAMILY VS. WEALTHY AFFLUENT FAMILY ATTRACTIVE VS. UNATTRACTIVE

KENNEDY During his campaign JFK exposed the public to the “missile gap” - the fact we lagged behind the USSR in technology Inauguration Day - “Ask not what your country can do for you - ask what you can do for your country” Domestic front “New Frontier” - objective was to aid education, health insurance for the elderly, Department of Urban Affairs, help migrant workers. Difficult to pass - big Gov., too costly

KENNEDY Things he did get passed: 1. Allowed to deficit spend - spend money on credit 2. Spending for defense and space 3. Tax cut, min. wage to $1.25. 4. Advanced rights for women Esther Peterson - assistant sec. of labor Created Presidential Commission on the Status of Women - called for federal action for equal pay

Warren Court Miranda vs. Arizona

Supreme Court Earl Warren - chief justice Activist - one man, one vote Reapportionment - changed the way political districts are divided, power shifted to urban areas (cities) - Reynolds v. Sims “one man, one vote”

Supreme Court Began to apply 14th Amendment to states “No state shall deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law” Gideon v. Wainwright - right to a lawyer Miranda v. Arizona - must read suspects their rights (Miranda warnings) Several cases reaffirmed separation of church and state - limited prayer in school

Ch. 23 - sect. 2 JFK and the Cold War Kennedy believed Eisenhower relied to heavily on nuclear weapons - massive retaliation “Flexible Response” - JFK’s belief that the U.S. had to help countries in other ways -build up conventional weapons and troops - created special forces “Green Beret”

Aid to other countries JFK believed that poor conditions in Latin American countries spurred corruption and overthrows Alliance for Progress - cooperative aid projects in Latin America ($20 billion) Peace Corp- organization that sent young Americans to perform humanitarian projects

Space Race U.S. and USSR competing for dominance in space Neil Armstrong -1st person to step on moon Alan Sheppard - 1st American launched into space John Glenn - 1st American to orbit the earth

Crisis of the Cold War Bay of Pigs Invasion - Cuba Fidel Castro overthrew Batista in Cuba (1959) and Cuba became allies with the USSR. Eisenhower told CIA to begin training Cuban exiles - La Brigada Kennedy approved the plan April 17, 1961 Bay of Pigs invasion begins and ends in disaster

Bay of Pigs Why was it such a disaster? 1. Castro had been warned they were coming 2. Boats had a lot of trouble in the bay 3. The people of Cuba never rose up and turned against Castro 4. U.S. command post cancels air support and leaves the exiles to be killed or captured

Bay of Pigs Invasion

Berlin Wall Goes Up Germans were leaving East Germany and moving to West Germany 1961 Nikita Khruschev built the Berlin Wall to stop this, stayed up until 1989 Wall was 12 ft. high / 4 feet wide and 96 miles long 231 people were killed trying to escape

Cuban Missile Crisis CIA brings JFK pictures of missile launching pads being constructed in Cuba by the Soviet Union Robert Kennedy - JFK’s brother and Attorney General Robert proposed a Naval Blockade around Cuba Oct. 22 , 1962 blockade begins - The President informs the country Khruschev agrees to remove the bases if : U.S. removes their bases in Turkey U.S. agreed to leave Cuba alone

Cuban Missile Crisis

Kennedy Assassination November 22, 1963 - Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas Accused - Lee Harvey Oswald Shot from the book depository (3 shots fired) Jack Ruby - Dallas nightclub owner shot Oswald while he was being transferred

Conspiracy Theory Did Lee Harvey Oswald actually act alone? Warren Commission - group set up by government to investigate the shooting Earl Warren - Chief Justice of the Supreme Court in charge of the investigation -found that Oswald acted alone Lyndon B. Johnson (JFK’s VP) - became President in 1963

Ch. 23 - sect. 3 Lyndon Johnson is the only President ever sworn in on Air Force One Brought 26 years of political experience to the Presidency He was able to get things done - help bring consensus to Gov. - general agreement Anti- poverty campaign - passed the Economic Opportunity Act - help fight poverty and create jobs

Sect. 3 continued 1964 Election LBJ (Dem) vs. Barry Goldwater (Rep) LBJ won in a landslide GREAT SOCIETY - LBJ’s vision that the U.S. should work for a better society Major Great Society Programs: Civil rights act, Medicare, Medicaid, head start, housing, clean air Robert Weaver - 1st African American to serve in a cabinet position - Sec. of Labor

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