Introduction to Risk Analysis in Healthcare Farrokh Alemi Ph.D. Professor of Health Administration and Policy College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University 4400 University Drive, Fairfax, Virginia

Scope of Topic From introduction to probability to probabilistic risk analysis From introduction to probability to probabilistic risk analysis Subjective probability assessment Subjective probability assessment Conditional likelihood ratios Conditional likelihood ratios Causal modeling Causal modeling Bayesian networks Bayesian networks Time to the event assessment Time to the event assessment Tools you can use at work Tools you can use at work Logical reasoning Logical reasoning

Not More of the Usual Teach by application Teach by application Continuous distributions not covered Continuous distributions not covered Focus on contingency tables Focus on contingency tables

Focus on Modeling Rules of probability Rules of probability Causes and effects Causes and effects Model complex tasks Model complex tasks Estimated probabilities Estimated probabilities Check assumptions Check assumptions Ask “what if” questions Ask “what if” questions

Other Books Feldman RM, Valdez-Flores C. Applied Probability and Stochastic Processes Feldman RM, Valdez-Flores C. Applied Probability and Stochastic Processes Hallenbeck W. Quantitative Risk Analysis for Environmental and Occupational Health Hallenbeck W. Quantitative Risk Analysis for Environmental and Occupational Health Bedford T, Cooke R. Probabilistic Risk Analysis: Foundations and Methods Bedford T, Cooke R. Probabilistic Risk Analysis: Foundations and Methods Cox LA. Risk Analysis: Foundations, Models and Methods Cox LA. Risk Analysis: Foundations, Models and Methods

Why Do Risk Analysis? Allocate resources Allocate resources Reduce Reduce Manage Manage Insure Insure Provides an organization with insight Provides an organization with insight

Why Probabilistic Analysis? To compare one risk against another To compare one risk against another Consistent method of aggregating risk of a sequence of events Consistent method of aggregating risk of a sequence of events

Why Probabilistic Analysis? To compare one risk against another To compare one risk against another Consistent method of aggregating risk of a sequence of events Consistent method of aggregating risk of a sequence of events

Criticism of PRA 1. It cannot be done because catastrophic events are rare 2. It is not practical as it takes too much time 3. It should not be done because it misses creative new threats

Criticism of PRA 1. It cannot be done because catastrophic events are rare 2. It is not practical as it takes too much time 3. It should not be done because it misses creative new threats

Criticism of PRA 1. It cannot be done because catastrophic events are rare 2. It is not practical as it takes too much time 3. It should not be done because it misses creative new threats

History in Aerospace Industry 1967 Apollo flight loss 1967 Apollo flight loss 1969 Probability of loss 1% 1969 Probability of loss 1% 1983 probabilistic risk analysis of shuttle flights 1983 probabilistic risk analysis of shuttle flights NASA administrators abandon PRA NASA administrators abandon PRA Later events proved accuracy of analysis Later events proved accuracy of analysis Common practice Common practice

History in Nuclear Safety Reactor Safety study Reactor Safety study Three Mile Island accident Three Mile Island accident Probability of reactor melt down Probability of reactor melt down NRC manual for risk analysis NRC manual for risk analysis Assessment of other catastrophic events Assessment of other catastrophic events

History in Natural Disasters Earthquake predictions Earthquake predictions Floods and coastal designs Floods and coastal designs Environmental pollution Environmental pollution Waste disposal and environmental health Waste disposal and environmental health

History in Healthcare Root causes of sentinel adverse events Root causes of sentinel adverse events Typically not quantified risk Typically not quantified risk Failure mode analysis of near catastrophic events Failure mode analysis of near catastrophic events Typically based on rank order of risks Typically based on rank order of risks New drug development New drug development

History in Terrorism Cyber terrorism risks Cyber terrorism risks Department of Homeland Security Critical Infrastructure Protection Department of Homeland Security Critical Infrastructure Protection

Requirements Prior to Start Algebra, not calculus Algebra, not calculus Facile with numbers and counting Facile with numbers and counting Access to a software for Bayesian analysis Access to a software for Bayesian analysis Software to make contingency tables Software to make contingency tables No prior course in probability No prior course in probability No course in statistics No course in statistics No computer programming No computer programming Some knowledge of health care systems Some knowledge of health care systems Access to an organization to try out the ideas Access to an organization to try out the ideas

Expectations Probabilistic analysis Probabilistic analysis Apply to a realistic problem Apply to a realistic problem No exams No exams No other assignments No other assignments

Pedagogical Features Learn one, do one, teach one assignments in class Learn one, do one, teach one assignments in class Question and answer Question and answer Take home message Take home message Peer to peer comments Peer to peer comments

Primary Audience Graduate course on risk analysis Graduate course on risk analysis Professionals in the field Professionals in the field

Secondary Audience These lectures may also be of use to students of probability and causal modeling. These lectures may also be of use to students of probability and causal modeling.

Lecture Outline 1. What is probability? 2. Probability distributions 3. Assessment of rare probabilities 4. Calculus of probability 5. Conditional independence 6. Causal modeling 7. Case based learning 8. Validation of risk models 9. Examples

Lecture Outline 1. What is probability? 2. Probability distributions 3. Assessment of rare probabilities 4. Calculus of probability 5. Conditional independence 6. Causal modeling 7. Case based learning 8. Validation of risk models 9. Examples

Lecture Outline 1. What is probability? 2. Probability distributions 3. Assessment of rare probabilities 4. Calculus of probability 5. Conditional independence 6. Causal modeling 7. Case based learning 8. Validation of risk models 9. Examples

Lecture Outline 1. What is probability? 2. Assessment of rare probabilities 3. Calculus of probability 4. Conditional independence 5. Causal modeling 6. Case based learning 7. Validation of risk models 8. Examples

Lecture Outline 1. What is probability? 2. Assessment of rare probabilities 3. Calculus of probability 4. Conditional independence 5. Causal modeling 6. Case based learning 7. Validation of risk models 8. Examples

Lecture Outline 1. What is probability? 2. Assessment of rare probabilities 3. Calculus of probability 4. Conditional independence 5. Causal modeling 6. Case based learning 7. Validation of risk models 8. Examples

Lecture Outline 1. What is probability? 2. Assessment of rare probabilities 3. Calculus of probability 4. Conditional independence 5. Causal modeling 6. Case based learning 7. Validation of risk models 8. Examples

Lecture Outline 1. What is probability? 2. Assessment of rare probabilities 3. Calculus of probability 4. Conditional independence 5. Causal modeling 6. Case based learning 7. Validation of risk models 8. Examples

Lecture Outline 1. What is probability? 2. Assessment of rare probabilities 3. Calculus of probability 4. Conditional independence 5. Causal modeling 6. Case based learning 7. Validation of risk models 8. Examples

Take Home Lesson Tools that are better than comprehensive list of risks

What Do You Know? Why is probabilistic risk analysis preferred to comprehensive lists of vulnerabilities? Why is probabilistic risk analysis preferred to comprehensive lists of vulnerabilities?

What Do You Know? How is our approach to risk analysis different from other books on probability or on risk analysis? How is our approach to risk analysis different from other books on probability or on risk analysis?

What Do You Know? What is assumed and required prior to start of these lectures? What is assumed and required prior to start of these lectures?

What Do You Know? What is expected from you prior to end of this course? What is expected from you prior to end of this course?

Minute Evaluations Please use the course web site to ask a question and rate this lecture Please use the course web site to ask a question and rate this lecture