` International Standards of Broadcast Regulation Prepared by Michael Karanicolas Legal Officer Centre for Law and Democracy

Freedom of Expression 1.The right to hold opinions without interference. 2.The right to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds. 3.The right to access information, as recognized internationally. 4.States have a responsibility not only to refrain from infringing the right, but to work to protect it.

Freedom of Expression Universal Declaration of Human Rights - Art. 19Universal Declaration of Human Rights - Art. 19 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights - Art. 19International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights - Art. 19 Convention on the Rights of the Child - Art. 13Convention on the Rights of the Child - Art. 13 American Convention on Human Rights - Art. 13American Convention on Human Rights - Art. 13 European Convention on Human Rights - Art. 10European Convention on Human Rights - Art. 10 African Charter on Human and People ’ s Rights - Art. 9African Charter on Human and People ’ s Rights - Art. 9

Freedom of Expression in the ICCPR: 19(3) The exercise of [freedom of expression] carries with it special duties and responsibilities. It may therefore be subject to certain restrictions, but these shall only be such as are provided by law and are necessary: (a) For respect of the rights or reputations of others; (b) For the protection of national security or of public order (ordre public), or of public health or morals.

Freedom of Expression Negative obligations: must not restrict freedom of expression except in accordance with the three part testNegative obligations: must not restrict freedom of expression except in accordance with the three part test Positive obligations: copyright, broadcast regulation, etc.Positive obligations: copyright, broadcast regulation, etc.

Key Goals Freedom of expression and of informationFreedom of expression and of information A diverse, pluralistic media landscapeA diverse, pluralistic media landscape Maximum accessibilityMaximum accessibility Optimal use of the airwaves to promote the public interestOptimal use of the airwaves to promote the public interest

Thank you! Michael