Section 11.4 Electron Configurations and Atomic Properties 1.To understand how the principal energy levels fill with electrons in atoms beyond hydrogen 2.To learn about valence electrons and core electrons 3.To learn about the electron configurations of atoms 4.To understand the general trends in properties in the periodic table Objectives

Section 11.4 Electron Configurations and Atomic Properties A. Electron Arrangements in the First 18 Atoms on the Periodic Table H atom –Electron configuration – electron arrangement – 1s 1 –Orbital diagram – orbital is represented as a box with a designation according to its sublevel. Contains arrow(s) to represent electrons (spin)

Section 11.4 Electron Configurations and Atomic Properties A. Electron Arrangements in the First 18 Atoms on the Periodic Table He atom –Electron configuration – 1s 2 –Orbital diagram

Section 11.4 Electron Configurations and Atomic Properties A. Electron Arrangements in the First 18 Atoms on the Periodic Table Li atom –Electron configuration– 1s 2 2s 1 –Orbital diagram Write the electron configuration and orbital diagrams for Boron, Nitrogen, Fluorine and Argon

Section 11.4 Electron Configurations and Atomic Properties A. Electron Arrangements in the First 18 Atoms on the Periodic Table Write the full electron configuration of Neon and Sulfur Draw an orbital diagram for Magnesium and Chlorine

Section 11.4 Electron Configurations and Atomic Properties A. Electron Arrangements in the First 18 Atoms on the Periodic Table Classifying Electrons Valence electrons – electrons in the outermost (highest) principal energy level of an atom Core electrons – inner electrons Elements with the same valence electron arrangement (same group) show very similar chemical behavior.

Section 11.4 Electron Configurations and Atomic Properties Electron configurations for K through Kr B. Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table

Section 11.4 Electron Configurations and Atomic Properties Using a Noble Gas Shorthand We can abbreviate electron configurations by using the configuration of the previous noble gas to cover the first part of the list of orbitals Mg is 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 or [Ne] 3s 2 The noble gas portion is the equivalent to the group of core electrons Use the Noble Gas shorthand to show the electron configurations of Carbon and Zirconium

Section 11.4 Electron Configurations and Atomic Properties Order of Filling of Orbitals Atoms fill their orbitals in the order of their energies:

Section 11.4 Electron Configurations and Atomic Properties Orbital filling and the periodic table B. Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table

Section 11.4 Electron Configurations and Atomic Properties B. Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table

Section 11.4 Electron Configurations and Atomic Properties C. Atomic Properties and the Periodic Table Metals and Nonmetals Metals tend to lose electrons to form positive ions. Nonmetals tend to gain electrons to form negative ions.

Section 11.4 Electron Configurations and Atomic Properties C. Atomic Properties and the Periodic Table Atomic Size Size tends to increase down a column. Size tends to decrease across a row. (close to scale)

Section 11.4 Electron Configurations and Atomic Properties C. Atomic Properties and the Periodic Table Ionization Energies Ionization Energy – energy (ΔH) required to remove an electron from an individual atom (gas) –Tends to decrease down a column –Tends to increase across a row –Changes in an opposite direction to atomic size

Section 11.4 Electron Configurations and Atomic Properties Ionization Energies

Section 11.4 Electron Configurations and Atomic Properties Electron Affinity Electron Affinity is defined as ΔH for the process: X (g) + e - = X (g) - ΔH = Electron Affinity

Section 11.4 Electron Configurations and Atomic Properties Electronegativity Ionization Energy and Electron Affinity are combined to give Electronegativity – a measure of how well atoms compete for electrons in a bond