 Food and Nutrition  World Food Problems  Principle Types of Agriculture  Challenges of Producing More Crops and Livestock  Environmental Impact of Agriculture  Solutions to Agricultural Problems  Fisheries of the World

 Carbohydrates  Sugars and starches metabolized by cellular respiration to produce energy  Proteins  Large, complex molecules composed of amino acids that perform critical roles in body. Must get essential amino acids from food.  Lipids  Include fats and oils and are metabolized by cellular respiration to produce energy. Most energy.  Vitamins (molecule) and Minerals (elements – iron, calcium)

 Annual grain production (left) has increased since 1970  Grain per person has not (right)  South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa

 Growing population  Rising temperatures  Falling water tables and droughts  Ethanol production  More grain is going towards feeding livestock. ▪ Ex: 1 kg of beef requires 7 kg grain

VEGETARIANS  More sustainable land use  Harder to get essential amino acids NON-VEGETARIANS  Easy source of protein – meat, milk, eggs  Livestock requires more land, more energy, more water  Risk of heart disease Rice and beans = nutritious Just rice = not nutritious

 Poverty and Food  1.3 billion people are so poor they cannot afford proper nutrition  Undernourished vs. malnourished ▪ Kwashiokor – protein deficient  More common in ▪ Rural than urban areas ▪ Infants, children and the elderly  Economics and Politics  Cost money to store, produce, transport and distribute food  Getting food to those who need it is political

 High-input  High yields  Fossil fuels: machinery, inorganic fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation  HDC Industrialized agriculture

 Subsistence Agriculture  Low yields (enough for family)  Energy from humans/work animals  Require lots of land  Examples:  Shifting cultivation  Slash and burn agriculture (deforestation)  Nomadic herding

 No pesticides, synthetic fertilizers genetically modified crops

 Domestication  causes a loss of genetic diversity ▪ Farmer selects and propagates plants/animals with desirable agricultural characteristics Many high yielding crops are genetically uniform High likelihood that bacteria, fungi, viruses, etc. will attack and destroy entire crop

 Increasing Crop Yield Developed countries: fertilizers Pesticides Selective breeding Graph = wheat

 1960s – more grain (wheat/rice) per acre  Selective breeding  Use of fertilizers and irrigation made it possible to grow crops in more places  Started in Mexico, spread to US, India, China

 Problems:  High energy costs ▪ Require fossil fuels to make fertilizers, build/run tractors, construct dams/canals, pump water from groundwater  Environmental degradation due to inorganic fertilizers and pesticides  Led to overpopulation

 4 –  3 –  2 -  1 -

 CAFOs (concentrated animal feeding operations): less land, but more antibiotics. Waste disposal  Increasing Livestock Yields:  Antibiotics ▪ Problems with increased bacteria resistance (evolution)  Hormone supplements (rBGH) ▪ US and Canada do this: increase growth and milk production. ▪ Europe does not citing human health concerns (Precautionary Principle)

 High use of fossil fuels  Air pollution  Untreated animal wastes and agricultural chemicals  Water pollution  Harms fisheries  Insects, weeds, and disease-causing organisms developing resistance to pesticides  Contaminate food supply  Kills beneficial soil organisms

 Land degradation  Decreases future ability of land to support crops or livestock ▪ Erosion – decreases soil fertility, sediments pollute water ▪ Compacting soil, waterlogging, salinization  Habitat fragmentation, deforestation  habitat loss  erosion  Decreases biodiversity and gene pool

 Cultivating marginal lands  Irrigating dry land  Cultivating land prone to erosion  Water consumption  Ex: Ogallala Aquifer = nonrenewable resource b/c water so old  Drip irrigation!

 Examples:  Pest control: natural Predator-prey relationships instead of pesticides, crop selection  Reduce erosion: conservation tillage and contour plowing  Reduce fertilizers – crop rotation, animal manure, supplying nitrogen with legumes

 Integrated Pest Management (IPM)  Limited use of pesticides by using knowledge of the life cycles of pests, pheromones, trapping, and then targeted pesticide use; allowing some pests is fine  Organic agriculture  No pesticides, synthetic fertilizers genetically modified crops

 4 – I can cite at least 2 methods for each of the farming issues below  3 – I can cite at least 1 method to farm sustainably for each of the following farming issues: pesticides, synthetic fertilizers, erosion, soil salinization, water consumption  2 - I know a few examples, but not one for each issue.  1 – I know what sustainable means.

 Transferring genes of desirable trains from one organism into the DNA of another

 Faster than selective breeding  1 st GM food on market – Flavr Savr Tomato  Typical goals  Increase nutrition – ex: golden rice  Pest resistance – ex: Bt corn  Resistant to other environmental stress – drought, salty or acidic soils  GE in animals  Create hormones to increase growth

 Determined safe by FDA  Concerns: allergies, reduced biodiversity if introduced to wild  Labeling: none in US

 4 – I can explain the pros and cons of GE food.  3 – I understand multiple reasons why GE food is developed AND multiple reasons why people are concerned about it.  2 - I understand either why GE food is developed or why people are concerned about it, but not both.  1 – I know what GE food is.

 No nation lays claim to open ocean  susceptible to overuse  Tragedy of the Commons  Overharvesting  Many species are at point of severe depletion  Food for growing human population  Technological advances in fishing gear

 Longlines – thousands of hooks  Purse-sein nets  Trawl net – dragged along the bottom  Spotter airplanes Overfishing reduces gene pool of existing fish By-catch DIE

 Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act ▪ EX: Set quotas, limits # of boats Marine Mammal Protection Act

 Ocean Pollution - dumping ground  Oil  Heavy metals  Deliberate litter dumping  Stormwater runoff from cities and agricultural areas – biggest pollution source  Coastal areas degraded by development (many fish depend on tidal marshes, mangrove swamps, estuaries for spawning and feeding)

 Raising of aquatic organisms for human food  Protein!!  Negatives: ▪ Locations of fisheries may hurt natural habitats – compete for shore space, destroy mangroves, destroy breeding grounds for fish ▪ Produce waste that pollutes adjacent water ▪ Often fed fish from the wild ▪ Expensive facility ▪ Easy spread of disease  antibiotics

 4 – I can teach the next class.  3 – I understand at least 2 fishing techniques that may lead to overfishing, the laws that serve to protect fisheries, and the pros and cons of aquaculture.  2 – I understand but need to re-read my notes.  1 – I know why overfishing is bad.