1. 18 Food Resources

2. World Food Security  Feeding growing population is difficult  852 Mil people lack access to food (needed for healthy lives)  3 Billion people are malnourished  Annual grain production has increased from 1961–2008  Due to increasing population, amount of grain per person has not increased ** 2 areas of the world with the greatest food insecurity  South Asia  sub-Saharan Africa

3. World Food Security  Famine  Temporary but severe shortage of food  Developing nations most at risk  More people die from malnutrition than starvation associated with famine  Malnutrition  condition that results from eating a diet in which certain nutrients are lacking, in excess  Starvation  severe deficiency in caloric energy, nutrient, and vitamin intake (Most extreme form of malnutrition)

4. World Food Security  Maintaining World Grain Stocks  Amounts of grains remaining from previous harvest  Provides measure of food security  Decreased each year since mid 1980’s  In 2010, UN estimated that carryover stock would last 72 days  15 species of plants provide the bulk of food

5. Food Production The most common foods eaten in the world today are

6. Decline in Grain Stock  Rising temps  Falling water tables & droughts  Ethanol production  More grain for feeding livestock  Increased meat consumption in developing countries

7. World Food Security  Economics and Politics  Cost money to store, produce, transport & distribute food  Getting food to those who need it is political  Poverty & Food  main cause of undernutrition & malnutrition is POVERTY  1.3 billion people cannot afford proper nutrition  More common in Rural areas Infants, children and the elderly

8. Types of Agriculture  Industrialized agriculture  High input of capital  Lower inputs of energy  high yields  Requires less land  Subsistence agriculture  Produces enough to feed a family  High input of manual energy  Low productions yields  Types  Slash and burn, nomadic, Intercropping

9. Animals as food  40% of calories consumed in developed countries  5% of calories consumed in developing countries Mutton - Sheep

10. Energy Inputs in Industrialized Agriculture

11. Challenges of Producing More Crops  Domestication & Genetic Diversity  Farmer selects and propagate animals / plants with desirable agricultural characteristics  Domestication of crops & livestock causes a loss of genetic diversity Can result in large famine  Genetic Diversity is needed for  long term health and survival  Flavor, nutritional, color and size differences.

12. Challenges of Producing More Crops  Balance of fertilizer  Use of pesticides & herbicides  Genetic engineering  Selective breeding (< variety)  Better features but everyone wants to grow the best  Germplasm Bank any plant or animal that may be used for breeding Plants (seed & plant tissue) Livestock (egg and sperm) To preserve diversity Store older more diverse varieties

13. Challenges of Producing More Livestock  Increasing Livestock Yields  Hormone supplements US and Canada, not used in Europe  Antibiotics 40% of antibiotics produced in US are used in livestock Problems with increased bacteria resistance- some bacteria are resistant to every antibiotic known (TDR-TB & XDR-TB) Studies have show the overuse use of antibiotics is the direct cause of antibiotic resistance

14. Genetic Engineering  Manipulation of genes  take specific gene from one species and put it into the genome another species (may be related may be not)  Used to produce Genetically Modified (GM) food  Ex: golden rice - rich in beta carotene (prevent Vitamin A deficiency in developing countries)  Plants that are tolerant to insect pests, heat, cold, drought, or acidic soils (Monsanto)  More productive farm animals Cows that can make milk & silk in there milk

16. Unmodified VS drought resistant GM corn

18. Safety in Genetic Engineering  Determined to be safe for human consumption  Concerns about GMO seed or pollen spreading in wild (cross pollination)  Currently does not appear to be an issue  GMO plants no longer produce pollen or seeds  Long term unknown  Backlash against GMOs - especially in Europe  Scared that genes could somehow move to weeds (has not been show)  GMOs are not currently labeled  FDA found it would be counterproductive & expensive

19. ?? GMO vs. selective breeding ??  Selective breeding  Taking 2 of the best of something and breeding it to get something hopefully better  Usually use inbreeding (decreases variance) Dogs & cats are a good example  Genetic Modification  The use of antibiotic resistant genes  Use small segments of DNA (that have a function) and put it into another organism so that it has a new function DNA used are already in common foods Salmon genes 1  Special Salmon 2 Carotene from carrots  Rice (golden rice)

20. Environmental Impacts of Agriculture

21. Solutions to Agricultural Problems- Sustainable Agriculture  Agricultural methods that maintain soil productivity & a healthy ecological balance while having minimal long-term impacts  Decrease pesticide use, Increase biodiversity, manage wetlands & water, increase soil health, minimize commercial fertilizers and move away from monoculture farming.

22. Sustainable Agriculture Examples  Natural Predator-prey relationships instead of pesticides Problem when invasive predators are brought in.  Crop rotation & conservation tillage  Supplying nitrogen with legumes  Organic agriculture (What does it mean to be “organic”) One definition - Form of agriculture that relies on techniques such as crop rotation, green manure, compost, and biological pest control (But there are lots of different def.)  Integrated Pest Management (IPM)  Limited use of pesticides with sustainable agriculture practices

23. Fisheries of the World - Problems  No nation lays claim to open ocean  Resource susceptible to overuse and degradation  Overharvesting  Many species are at point of severe depletion  62% of world’s fish stock are in need of mngt. action  Magnuson Fishery Conservation Act (1977) regulate the U.S. marine fisheries  Magnuson-Sevens Fishery Conservation & Mngt. Act (1996) requires protection of “essential fish habitats”

24. Fisheries of the World - Problems  Ocean Pollution (dumping ground)  Oil  Heavy metals  Deliberate litter dumping  Storm water runoff from cities and agricultural areas  Aquaculture  Growing of aquatic organisms for human consumption  Great potential to supply food Finfish, shellfish, seaweeds, oyster, mussels, clams, lobsters  Locations of fisheries may hurt natural habitats Produce waste that pollutes adjacent water

25. World Seafood Harvest

26. Sophisticated fishing equipment