Dr. Engr. Sami ur Rahman Quantitative and Qualitative Data Analysis Lecture 1: Introduction

University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | UoMIPS | Dr. Engr. Sami ur Rahman | 2  Statistics (3rd Ed.) by David Freedman, Robert Pisani and Roger Purves. Norton  Doing Data Analysis with SPSS Version 12 by Carver and Nesh.  Qualitative Data Analysis: An Expanded Sourcebook, by Matthew B. Miles and A. Michael Huberman. 2nd Edition. Sage Publications: Thousand Oaks, CA  A Practical Guide to Scientific Data Analysis by David Livingstone ChemQuest, Sandown, Isle of Wight, UK Reference books

University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | UoMIPS | Dr. Engr. Sami ur Rahman | 3 Outline  Motivation  What is Data?  What is Data Analysis  Quantitative Data and Qualitative Data  Quantitative and Qualitative Data Analysis

University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | UoMIPS | Dr. Engr. Sami ur Rahman | 4 Things aren’t always what we think! Blind men and an elephant

University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | UoMIPS | Dr. Engr. Sami ur Rahman | 5 Data Student NoHours StudiedMarks What information do we get from this data?? Data: Values of qualitative or quantitative variables.

University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | UoMIPS | Dr. Engr. Sami ur Rahman | 6 Data Analysis Student No Hours StudiedMarks Student No Hours StudiedMarks Sorted data

University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | UoMIPS | Dr. Engr. Sami ur Rahman | 7 Data Presentation Student No Hours StudiedMarks Marks Hours studied

University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | UoMIPS | Dr. Engr. Sami ur Rahman | 8 What is data analysis?  Data analysis is the process of turning data into information  An attempt by the researcher to summarize collected data  Data Interpretation is an attempt to find meaning  Good analysis communicates something meaningful about the world

University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | UoMIPS | Dr. Engr. Sami ur Rahman | 9 Quantitative Data: Data that is numerical, counted, or compared on a scale Qualitative Data: Textual data Interview transcripts Case notes/ clinical notes Photographs Video recordings Types of Data

University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | UoMIPS | Dr. Engr. Sami ur Rahman | 10 Quantitative Data Analysis: Converting quantitative data into information Qualitative Data Analysis: Converting qualitative data into information Types of Data Analysis

University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | UoMIPS | Dr. Engr. Sami ur Rahman | 11 Quantitative Analysis

University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | UoMIPS | Dr. Engr. Sami ur Rahman | 12 Quantification of Data Quantification Analysis : The numerical representation and manipulation of observations for the purpose of describing and explaining the phenomena that those observations reflect.

University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | UoMIPS | Dr. Engr. Sami ur Rahman | 13 Quantitative Analysis Can be used to answer questions like  What is the percent distribution?  How much variability is there in the data?  Are the results statistically significant?

University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | UoMIPS | Dr. Engr. Sami ur Rahman | 14 Simple Quantitative Analysis  Averages  Mean: add up values and divide by number of data points  Median: middle value of data when ranked  Mode: figure that appears most often in the data  Percentages

University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | UoMIPS | Dr. Engr. Sami ur Rahman | 15 Central Tendency Central tendency: The way in which quantitative data tend to cluster around some value. A measure of central tendency is any of a number of ways of specifying this "central value" MedianMode Central Tendency Average (Mean)

University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | UoMIPS | Dr. Engr. Sami ur Rahman | 16 Mean Mean (arithmetic mean) of data values

University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | UoMIPS | Dr. Engr. Sami ur Rahman | 17 Mean  The most common measure of central tendency  Affected by extreme values (outliers) Mean = 5Mean = 6

University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | UoMIPS | Dr. Engr. Sami ur Rahman | 18 Median Median: The “middle” number Not affected by extreme values Median = Median = 5

University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | UoMIPS | Dr. Engr. Sami ur Rahman | 19 Mode Mode: Value that occurs most often  Not affected by extreme values  There may be no mode  There may be several modes Mode = No Mode

University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | UoMIPS | Dr. Engr. Sami ur Rahman | 20 Simple quantitative analysis  Graphical representations give overview of data

University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | UoMIPS | Dr. Engr. Sami ur Rahman | 21 Simple quantitative analysis  Graphical representations give overview of data

University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | UoMIPS | Dr. Engr. Sami ur Rahman | 22 Strengths of Quantitative Research  Precise, quantitative, numerical data  Testing hypothesis/confirming theories  Generalizing finding, random samples with sufficient size  Comparatively quick data collection  Less time consuming analysis  May minimize personal bias.

University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | UoMIPS | Dr. Engr. Sami ur Rahman | 23 Weaknesses of Quantitative Research  Only applicable for measurable (quantifiable) phenomena  Simplifies and ”compresses” the complex reality, lack of detailed narrative  Theories or categories might not reflect local constituencies’ understandings

University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | UoMIPS | Dr. Engr. Sami ur Rahman | 24 Qualitative Analysis

University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | UoMIPS | Dr. Engr. Sami ur Rahman | 25 Qualitative Data  Narratives, logs, experience  Interviews  Diaries and journals  Notes from observations  Photographs  Video recordings

University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | UoMIPS | Dr. Engr. Sami ur Rahman | 26 What is Qualitative Research?  Research studies that investigate the quality of  Relationships  Activities  Situations  Materials

University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | UoMIPS | Dr. Engr. Sami ur Rahman | 27 Qualitative Data Analysis Used for any non-numerical data collected as part of the evaluation  Unstructured observations  Analysis of written documents  Diaries, observations

University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | UoMIPS | Dr. Engr. Sami ur Rahman | 28 Qualitative Data Analysis Answers questions like:  Is the project being implemented according to plan?  What are some of the difficulties faced by staff?  Why did some participants drop out early?  What is the experience like for participants?

University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | UoMIPS | Dr. Engr. Sami ur Rahman | 29 Steps in Qualitative Research The steps are as follows (in some cases):  Identification of the phenomenon and hypothesis generation  Identification of the participants in the study  Data collection (continual observance)  Data analysis  Interpretation/Conclusions

University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | UoMIPS | Dr. Engr. Sami ur Rahman | 30 Generalization in Qualitative Research  A generalization is usually thought of as a statement or claim that applies to more than one individual, group, or situation.  The value of a generalization is that it allows us to have expectations about the future.  A limitation of Qualitative Research is that there is seldom justification for generalizing the findings of a particular study.

University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | UoMIPS | Dr. Engr. Sami ur Rahman | 31 Trustworthiness in Qualitative Research Check on the trustworthiness of the researchers: Compare one informant’s description with another informant’s description of the same thing.  Triangulation: Comparing different information on the same topic.  Data triangulation  Use of multiple data sources  Students, teachers, administrators, etc.  Methods triangulation  Interviews, observations, etc.  Researcher triangulation  Use a team of researchers.

University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | UoMIPS | Dr. Engr. Sami ur Rahman | 32 Criteria for judging research Quantitative  Internal validity  Did A cause B?  External Validity  Are these findings generalizable?  Reliability  Are the measures repeatable?  Objectivity  Are the findings free of researcher bias/values? Qualitative  Credibility  Believable from participant’s view  Transferability  Can this finding be transferred to other contexts?  Dependability  Would another researcher come to similar conclusions?

University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | UoMIPS | Dr. Engr. Sami ur Rahman | 33 Thanks for your attention