Ch. 13 Endocrine System
Endocrine System System consisting of cells, tissues, and organs “glands” that release substances called hormones into the internal environment of the body.
Gland Types Endocrine - secretions go into the blood stream. Exocrine - secretions go into ducts. The endocrine system utilizes endocrine glands, not exocrine.
Homeostatic Functions Regulate metabolic processes Control rates of certain chemical reactions Transport across cell membrane Regulate water and electrolyte balance Roles in reproduction, development, and growth
Hormone Action Biochemical released by one cell to affect second cell(s) Travels into extracellular fluid or by blood stream Works only on specific target cell. Watch animation from cd
Prostaglandin Action Act locally Affect the organ from which they are produced Potent and rapidly activated, not stored
Control of Hormonal Secretions Negative feedback system Gland secretes a substance Substance reaches a certain concentration Endocrine gland becomes inhibited (turns off), which is a negative effect. Due to inhibition, concentration of substance decreases. Endocrine gland becomes uninhibited (turns on)
Control Sources Hypothalamus controls pituitary Pituitary stimulates other endocrine glands receives constant information from cerebrospinal fluid. info from neural connections in brain
Control Sources Continued Brain controls some glands directly (adrenal medulla - sympathetic response) Responds to internal environment (insulin production - blood glucose levels)
Diseases of the Endocrine System Dwarfism - insufficient secretion of growth hormone during childhood. Gigantism - oversecretion of growth hormone during childhood.
Diseases of the Endocrine System Cretinism - underactive thyroid gland during infancy and childhood. Graves diseases (hyperthyroidism) - overstimulation of the thyroid gland. Goiter - an iodine deficiency causes thyroid to enlarge an function improperly
Diseases of the Endocrine System Addison’s disease - adrenal cortex does not secrete hormones sufficiently causing a variety of electrolyte imbalances, low blood pressure, and increased skin pigmentation to name a few. Cushing’s disease - caused by hypersecretion of cortisol (primarily). Causes high blood pressure, fluid retention and thin skin to name a few.