Earth Science Final December 2014 Mrs. Sagala-Riddle

The Branches of Earth Science Astronomy GeologyMeteorologyOceanography Environmental Science

Earth’s 4 Spheres Atmosphere Geosphere Hydrosphere Biosphere

Carbon Cycle Photosynthesis Respiration Combustion Erosion Decomposition

Layers of the Earth’s Atmosphere

Composition of Earth’s Atmosphere During Formation, Outgassing, & Present During Formation: Hydrogen & Helium Outgassing: Outpouring of gases from the earth's interior, Other gases were injected into the atmosphere: water vapor (produced rain - rivers, lakes, oceans) carbon dioxide Nitrogen Present: 78% Nitrogen 21% Oxygen 1% Other

Differences between Inner Planets, Outer Planets, Dwarf Planets, Exoplanets Inner Planets Rocky Closer to the sun Orbits the sun Few or no moons/no rings Outer Planets Gas planets Further from the sun Orbits the sun Many moons & rings Made of ice & rock Dwarf Planets Smaller than our planets, bigger than asteroids Medium sized planets Orbit the sun, not other planets Sphere (round) shaped Exoplanets Does NOT orbit the sun, orbits other stars Most are gas giants

Parts of the Sun

Life Cycle of Stars like the Sun Nebula Protostar Star like the sun Red Giant Planetary Nebula White Dwarf

Life Cycle of a Massive Star Nebula Protostar Massive star Red supergiant Supernova Neutron star

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Steps of Nuclear Fusion Step 1 Proton fuses with Proton = Neutron + Proton (Releases Energy) Step 2 Neutron/Proton fuses with Proton = (Releases Energy) Step 3 2 Protons fuse with 2 Neutrons = (Releases Energy)

Hertzsprung Russell (HR) Diagram

Big Bang Theory All matter & energy in the universe was compressed into an extremely small volume that 13 to 15 billion years ago exploded & expanded in all directions.

Nebular Hypothesis Explains the origin of the solar system. A rotating nebula cooled & contracted, throwing off rings of matter that contracted into planets & moons, while the great mass of the condensing nebula became the sun.

Giant Impact Hypothesis The Moon was formed out of the debris left over from an indirect collision between the Earth and an astronomical body the size of Mars,MoonEarthMars About 4.5 billion years ago

Deforestation Deforestation is clearing Earth's forests on a massive scale. Causes damage to the quality of the land. The world’s rain forests could completely vanish in a hundred years at the current rate of deforestation.

Greenhouse Effect

Red Shift (evidence of the Big Bang Theory) Red Shift (Red is the color for longer wavelengths) The observed wavelength of the light is longer when objects are moving away from us. The light is shifted towards the red end of the spectrum, RED SHIFT. A force that opposes gravity, pushing galaxies further apart.

Blue Shift

Parallax Shift in position of an object caused by your own motion. For example, if you look at some nearby object and move your head a little from side to side, the object looks like it is moving back and forth.

Astronomical Unit An astronomical unit (au) is a unit of length, roughly the distance from the Earth to the Sun.unitlength

Light Year A light-year is a unit of length used informally to express astronomical distances. It is equal to about 6 trillion miles.miles A light-year is the distance that light travels in vacuum in one Julian year.light travels in vacuumJulian year

Perihelion Aphelion Point in the orbit of a planet, asteroid, or comet where it is nearest to the sun. Point in the orbit of a planet, asteroid, or comet at which it is furthest from the sun.

Constellation A constellation is a specific area of the celestial sphere. Star Patterns from which the constellations take their names. 88 recognized constellations, covering the entire sky.

Galaxy A massive, gravitationally bound system. Consists of stars, stellar remnants, gas, dust & dark matter.