Building Energy Code Modeling and Its application 3/28/2017 Building Energy Code Modeling and Its application Cases from China, India, and the United States Sha Yu, Mereydd Evans, and Bing Liu Buildings under UNFCCC Flexible Mechanisms Workshop March 14 2011

Topics Outcome-Based Codes and Energy Benchmarking 3/28/2017 Topics Outcome-Based Codes and Energy Benchmarking China Building Energy Codes Modeling Advanced Energy Guides for Existing Buildings

Outcome-based codes and energy benchmarking 3/28/2017 Outcome-based codes and energy benchmarking India’s Energy Conservation Building Code Ultimate energy performance v. building design and construction Outcome-based codes: energy usage of the building

Traditional Building Energy Codes 3/28/2017 Traditional Building Energy Codes Verification of building design Inspection of actual construction Compliance stages Incentives and penalties Third-party inspectors Traditional code enforcement does not consider: Process loads and plug loads Even with modeled loads, theoretical and actual performance can differ substantially.

Simulated Performance 3/28/2017 Design & Construction Operations Traditional Codes Prescriptive Simple Trade-Off Simulated Performance Outcome-Based Compliance Path Specifies minimum or maximum values for discrete components or features of a building Compliance of envelope with the code is demonstrated using calculation or simulation software Compliance of whole building with the code is demonstrated using energy simulation software Standard for energy performance index or other performance indicator (post- occupancy) Comparison of actual to benchmark data Comparison of actual data to modeled building Audit Enforcement System Government inspectors Third-party inspectors Checks of design and actual construction to get permits Government or third party reviewer to confirm building benchmark Government, utility or third-party inspector to review cases of non- compliance with energy performance benchmark Compliance incentives: utility rates (preferential or penalty tariffs); posting rating to inform buyers and potential leases; financial liability for poor construction/ design

3/28/2017 Energy Benchmarking Compare a particular building to similar set of buildings to establish a benchmark and then scoring the particular building’s actual energy performance against the benchmark Use simulated performance of the building as the benchmark ESCOs and performance contractors Control companies and utilities

Verification process Periodic audits at set moment post-occupancy 3/28/2017 Verification process Periodic audits at set moment post-occupancy Comparison of energy consumption to benchmark could trigger penalties Comparing a benchmark that could trigger an audit

China Building Energy Codes Modeling 3/28/2017 China Building Energy Codes Modeling Investigate the “long-term” effect of China’s building codes/standards on its energy use and greenhouse gas emissions, considering Socioeconomic development (income, urbanization, etc.) Expansion of building floorspace and energy services Building retirement and code compliance Regional heterogeneity in building code Regional heterogeneity in the effect of climate change

The Detailed Model for China Building Energy Use Energy Service Demands Commercial Building Floorspace China Population GDP Urban population Rural population Urban Building Floorspace Rural Building Floorspace Heating Cooling WH&C Lighting Appliance Equipment Furnace Boiler Heat pump District heat AC Cooker Water heater Incandescent Fluorescent Solidstate Lamp Appliances Coal Gas Oil Heat Electricity Biomass Trad. biomass End-Use Technologies Urbanization Floorspace Expansion Delivered Fuels Socioeconomic Assumption

The Twelve Building Sectors China Cold Urban Residential Rural Residential Commercial Hot Summer Cold Winter Hot Summer Warm Winter Severe Cold 9 Provinces Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shanxi, Shandong, Henan, Tibet, Shaanxi, Gansu 9 Provinces Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Chongqing, Sichuan 6 Provinces & 2 countries Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Guizhou, Yunnan Cambodia, Vietnam 6 Provinces & 2 countries Inner Mongolia, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Qinghai, Xinjiang, Liaoning, Mongolia, DPRK

Methodological Framework 3/28/2017 Methodological Framework GCAM assumptions about population/ income for China+ Income path for urban/rural for each sub-region Urbanization assumptions for each sub-region Heating/Cooling Degree Days by Sub-Region Historical info.: Construction Building types Codes/standards U value FSR value Compliance Building Stock Model: U & FSR GCAM Detailed Building Model Results Policy Compliance Base-year building energy consumption by fuel and service

Advanced Energy Guides for Existing Buildings 3/28/2017 Advanced Energy Guides for Existing Buildings Core Elements General guidance Packages of energy efficiency improvements at three levels Packages relative to the Commercial Reference Buildings Techniques to ensure energy savings achieved Case studies Building Energy Analysis Economic Analysis Commissioning, Operations, Maintenance, and Verification

3/28/2017 Contacts Sha Yu 301-314-6736 sha.yu@pnl.gov Meredydd Evans 301-314-6739 m.evans@pnl.gov

3/28/2017 Thank you!