Treatments of Disorders –Psychotherapies Psychoanalysis Humanistic Behavioral –Sci Amer Frontiers Video -- Systematic desensitization for arachnophobia –Operant conditioning – e.g., treatment of autism, behavior modification Cognitive –Beck’s approaches to altering “dark glasses” Group and family What do psychotherapies offer to demoralized people? –Hope, a fresh perspective, empathy…. –What else?

 Drug therapy  Pharmacotherapy & Natural therapy (e.g., herbs)  Benefits?  Drawbacks?  Drug therapy  Pharmacotherapy & Natural therapy (e.g., herbs)  Benefits?  Drawbacks? Biological Treatments

Dishes piling up in the sink? Zoloft

 Exercise (my master’s thesis) Biological Treatments

ECT History Current uses Efficacy & side effects

Other brain interventions Psychosurgery Deep brain stimulation –areas (e.g., Area 25) associated with depression may be overactive in certain people. Sending electrical impulses to these areas may "reset" them to normal functioning Neurofeedback Transcranial magnetic stimulation –magnet placed above right or left eyebrow to stimulate right or left prefrontal cortex

7 Treatment Effectiveness Treatment illusions –natural improvement –nonspecific treatment effects placebo effects –reconstructive memory misremembering symptom severity

8 Treatment Studies Outcome studies –evaluate whether a particular treatment works –treatment and control conditions –Empirically validated therapies ( Segment 41 of Psychology: The Human Experience)

9 Therapy’s effectiveness Either psychotherapy or medication appear to be more effective than placebo Some research (on social phobia) shows that effective psychotherapy or medication affect the same brain areas

Which Treatments Work

Which Treatments Work

12 Dangers of Treatment Some treatments cause unintended harm Side effects, potential drug interactions, dependence, complications Iatrogenic illness Client in therapy is vulnerable

13 Ethics in treatment Set of ethical standards –strive to benefit client and do no harm –establish relationship of trust –promote accuracy, honesty, & truthfulness –seek fairness in treatment and take precaution to avoid bias –respect dignity and worth of all people