Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert Bellacov: Chiropractor for Back in the Game in West Linn, OR Seventh Edition Elaine N. Marieb Chapter 2 Basic Chemistry

Introduction All body structures are composed of chemicals The body functions through chemical processes Foods are broken down into simpler substances, later to be converted into chemical fuel *Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Matter – anything that occupies space and has mass (weight) Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert Bellacov: Chiropractor for Back in the Game in West Linn, OR

Composition of Matter Slide 2.2 Elements Fundamental units of matter 96% of the body is made from four elements Carbon (C) Oxygen (O) Hydrogen (H) Nitrogen (N) Atoms Building blocks of elements Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert Bellacov: Chiropractor for Back in the Game in West Linn, OR

Atomic Structure Slide 2.3 Nucleus Protons (p + ) Neutrons (n 0 ) Outside of nucleus Electrons (e - ) Figure 2.1 Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert Bellacov: Chiropractor for Back in the Game in West Linn, OR

Periodic Table (p.20) 6 Atomic Number CSymbol CarbonName Atomic Mass –Atomic # : How many protons –Atomic Mass: Protons + Neutrons –Why is the atomic mass not 12?

Compounds and Molecules Compounds –Combination of atoms of 2 or more elements Chemical reaction involves rearrangement, separation, or combination of atoms Atoms are never destroyed during a chemical reaction= Eistein theory C 6 H 12 O O 2 -> 6 CO H 2 O + energy

Bonds and Energy Atoms combine chemically by forming bonds Ionic bond – one atom loses electrons, while the other gains electrons, from their outer shell or orbit. New atoms called ions – NOT electrically neutral

Common substances in living systems Water Most abundant inorganic compounds Vital properties High heat capacity Polarity Chemical reactivity Cushioning *“Universal solvent”

Important Organic Compounds Slide 2.26 Carbohydrates (CHO) Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Include sugars and starches Classified according to size Monosaccharides – simple sugars Disaccharides – two simple sugars joined by dehydration synthesis Polysaccharides – long branching chains of linked simple sugars Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert Bellacov: Chiropractor for Back in the Game in West Linn, OR

Important Organic Compounds Slide 2.29 Lipids Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Carbon and hydrogen outnumber oxygen Insoluble in water Common names: triglycereides, fatty acids,

Saturated Fats vs Unsaturated Fats Saturated Fat = contains only single bonds between carbon atoms, no double bonds Unsaturated Fats = one or more double bonds between the fatty acids

Trans Fats-

Important Organic Compounds Slide 2.33a Proteins Made of amino acids Contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur Example is enzymes Enzymes –specialize proteins that affect chemical reactions Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert Bellacov: Chiropractor for Back in the Game in West Linn, OR

Important Organic Compounds Nucleic acids (CHONP) Slide 2.36 Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) & RNA Organized by complimentary bases to form double helix Replicates before cell division Provides instruction for every protein in the body Figure 2.17c

Optimum cell function requires a stable cellular fluid environment. The fluid that bathes the cell and transports nutrients in and out of the cell is called extracellular fluid (blood). The fluid within the cell is called intracellular fluid. Cells become damaged when this fluid is not in balance leading to dysfunction.

Movement of materials in and out of cells Semipermeable membrane Diffusion – movement of molecules from high concentration to lower concentration Osmosis – pertains only to movement of water molecules from high concentration to lower concentration Solute – substance dissolved in a solution

Solutions Hypertonic – solution in which water molecules will move out of the cell; cell will shrink (5% salt solution) Hypotonic – solution in which water molecules will move into the cell; cell will swell (pure distilled water)

pH Slide 2.25 Measures relative concentration of hydrogen ions pH 7 = neutral pH below 7 = acidic pH above 7 = basic Buffers Chemicals that can regulate pH change Figure 2.11

Questions How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are found in an atom of oxygen? What is the chemical fuel used by our bodies? What is pH? We hear about saturated vs. unsaturated fats, what is the difference? Which contributes to cardiovascular disease?

Chapter 3 Cell Structure

Introduction Cell is the basic unit of biologic organization of the human body Cells are composed of Cytoplasm –So mostly the fluid Organelles are building block of structures making proteins Nucleus – control center of the cell

Anatomy of a Typical Cell Cell Membrane –Double phospholipid plasma membrane –Proteins Protoplasm –liquid portion (water, hormones, enzymes, RNA, DNA) Nucleus –most prominent structure, separated by the nuclear membrane –DNA Mitochondria - “powerhouse of the cell” –Site of cellular respiration, Produce ATP Lysosomes –contain digestive enzymes to digest food in a Vacuole –Suicide Agents –Recycle Materials

More “cell parts” Endoplasmic Reticulum –Rough, protein synthesis –Smooth, fat transport, sex hormone synthesis Ribosomes –site of protein synthesis Golgi Apparatus –storage warehouse of the cell –Compounds are collected and concentrated Centrioles – cell division Cilia and Flagella –cilia are short –flagella are long –responsible for movement

Cell Metabolism: -Our body is constantly changing at the level of the cell -with changes we either use energy or create energy -All cells in our body require energy to maintain their structure Energy Production -Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids can all be converted to energy -ATP is the cells energy -ATP is made by combining food & oxygen

Membrane Transport Protein Channels –Active Transport requires ATP –Receptor Sites –Sodium / Potassium Pumps (muscle and nerve cells)

Protein Synthesis Proteins –enzymes, antibodies, channels DNA –code located in the nucleus –Goal: get code from the nucleus to ribosomes and create the desired protein Transcription –Messenger RNA (mRNA) mRNA to ribosomes Translation –tRNA (Transfer RNA) -> Bring amino acids to mRNA