Categorical Propositions All S is P No S is P Some S is P Some S is not P

Four parts of a Categorical Proposition Quantifier: “all”, “no” or “some” Subject Term Copula: some form of the verb “to be” Predicate Term

Quantity: universal or particular Quality: affirmative or negative

All Popes are Catholics Universal affirmative No Republicans are DemocratsUniversal negative Some fresh vegetables are high-fiber foods Particular affirmative Some compact cars are not hybrids Particular negative A E I O

Affirmo Nego

Distribution A proposition distributes its term(s) if it says something about the entire class named by the term.

All Popes are Catholics (All S is P): refers to every Pope, but not every Catholic No Republicans are Democrats (No S is P): says something about all Republicans and about all Democrats Some trees are oaks (Some S is P): says nothing about every tree or about every oak Some animals are not cats (Some S is not P): says something about every cat: the whole class of cats excludes at least one animal

All Popes are Catholics (All S is P): A statements distribute the Subject

No Republicans are Democrats (No S is P) E statements distribute both Subject and Predicate

Some trees are oaks (Some S is P) I statements distribute neither term

Some animals are not cats (Some S is not P) O statements distribute the Predicate term

Universals distribute their subject terms Negatives distribute their predicate terms All D are __ No D are D Some __ are __ Some __ are not D

Quality, Quantity, & Distribution A: universal affirmative, distributes Subject E: universal negative, distributes both I: particular affirmative, distributes neither O: particular negative, distributes Predicate