1. CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISMS
A SYLLOGISM: A ONE STEP ARGUMENT WITH 2 PREMISES, WHICH ARE DEPENDENT, AND 1 CONCLUSION.
A CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISM SIMPLY USES CATEGORICAL PROPOSITIONS IN PREMISES AND CONCLUSION

2. CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISMS
1. ALL WHALES ARE MAMMALS.
2. ALL MAMMALS ARE ANIMALS THAT BREATHE BY MEANS OF LUNGS.
3. ALL WHALES ARE ANIMALS THAT BREATHE BY MEANS OF LUNGS.
COMPONENTS OF CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISMS

3. CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISMS
MAJOR TERM: OCCURS IN PREDICATE OF CONCLUSION (P)
MAJOR PREMISE: PREMISE IN WHICH MAJOR TERM APPEARS
MINOR TERM: OCCURS IN THE SUBJECT OF THE CONCLUSION. (S)
MINOR PREMISE: PREMISE IN WHICH MINOR TERM APPEARS.
MIDDLE TERM: TERM WHICH APPEARS IN EACH PREMISE BUT NOT IN CONCLUSION.

4. CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISMS
THE FUNCTION OF THE MIDDLE TERM:
THIS TERM WILL BE NAMED M.
IT MEDIATES OR CONNECTS S AND P.
MOOD OF CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISMS:
REFERS TO ORDER OF TYPES OF PROPOSITIONS IN THE SYLLOGISM.
WHALE ARGUMENT AGAIN. AAA

5. CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISMS
FIGURE OF A CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISM:
REFERS TO THE POSITION OF THE MIDDLE TERM IN THE PREMISES.
ONLY 4 MOODS, SEE P YOU NEED TO COMMIT THIS TO MEMORY.

6. CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISMS
STANDARD FORM: WHEN SYLLOGISMS APPEAR IN ORDINARY LANGUAGE CONTEXTS WE NEED TO PUT THEM INTO STANDARD FORM.
STRATEGY: (EACH SYLLOGISM HAS THREE LINES WHICH CORRESPOND TO EACH PROPOSITION.)

7. CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISMS
1. PUT PROPOSITIONS INTO STANDARD FORM (CHAPTER 8)
2. IDENTIFY THE CONCLUSION. WRITE IT DOWN AND PUT A NUMBER 3 BEFORE IT.
3. IDENTIFY S AND P AND WRITE THEM DOWN TO THE SIDE.
4. IDENTIFY MIDDLE TERM AND WRITE IT DOWN AT SIDE.
5. FIND PREMISE WITH MAJOR TERM AND WRITE IT ON LINE 1.
6. FIND PREMISE WITH MINOR TERM AND WRITE IT ON LINE 2.
P.QUIZ 9.1. P. 238.

8. CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISMS
SEE PRACTICE QUIZ EXAMPLE ON WEB.
VALIDITY OF CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISMS
VALIDITY: NECESSITY: ALL OR NONE
IN TOTAL 256 FORMS OF CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISMS.

9. TESTING FOR VALIDITY
RULES AND VENN DIAGRAMS. PLEASE EXCLUDE CANCELLATION METHOD
GOAL: TO UTILIZE BOTH TO UNDERSTAND WHY SOME SYLLOGISMS ARE VALID AND OTHERS ARE NOT.
RULES: 5 TOTAL AND ALL NEED TO BE SATISFIED FOR SYLLOGISM TO BE VALID.
2 RELATED TO DISTRIBUTION
2 RELATED TO NEGATIVITY
1 RELATED TO MODERN SQUARE OF OPPOSITION

10. TESTING FOR VALIDITY
RULE 1: THE MIDDLE TERM MUST BE DISTRIBUTED IN AT LEAST ONE PREMISE.
(FALLACY OF UNDISTRIBUTED MIDDLE)
RULE 2: IF EITHER TERM IS DISTRIBUTED IN THE CONCLUSION, IT MUST BE DISTRIBUTED IN THE PREMISE IN WHICH IT APPEARS.
EXAMINE CONCLUSION!
ILLICIT MINOR OR MAJOR
RULE 3: NO VALID SYLLOGISM CAN HAVE TWO NEGATIVE PREMISES.
TWO NEGATIVES DO NOT ADD UP TO ANYTHING.

11. TESTING FOR VALIDITY
RULE 4: IF EITHER PREMISE IS NEGATIVE, THE CONCLUSION MUST BE NEGATIVE. IF THE CONCLUSION IS NEGATIVE, ONE PREMISE MUST BE NEGATIVE. (CONVERSE)
RULE 5: IF THE CONCLUSION IS PARTICULAR, ONE PREMISE MUST BE PARTICULAR. (CANNOT INFER A PARTICULAR FROM TWO UNIVERSAL PREMISES: CANNOT DRAW THE SUBALTERNATES)

12. ENTHYMEMES CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISMS WITH IMPLIED PREMISE.
P.QUIZ 9.3. P. 242.