High Resolution and Advanced Systems Lecture 3 Prof. Dr. Scott Madry Research Associate Professor, University of North Carolina, USA

High Resolution and Advanced Systems

High Resolution History 1994 Clinton decision to license 1m data Commerce Dept. granted 9 companies licenses for 11 satellite systems Origins-US Corona in 1960’s-film-30cm (1 foot) 1972-US Landsat 1-80 m 1982-US Landsat 4-30 m 1986 FR SPOT 1 20 and 10 m 1987 RU Russian film data 5 m (limited geog. and dates)

High Resolution History 1992 RU Russian film data 2m 1993-US Bush admin. eases barriers to allow 3 m 1994-US Clinton admin. eases barriers to allow.8 m with “shutter control” in war and to certain countries 1996-India launches 5 m satellite 2000-Commerce Dept. licenses three.5 meter systems

U.S. Private Remote Sensing Satellites U.S. policy supports a competitive U.S. commercial remote sensing industry for several reasons U.S. companies are authorized to develop and launch commercial remote sensing satellites under: – Land Remote Sensing Policy Act of 1992 – PDD 23: US Policy on Foreign Access to Remote Sensing Space Capabilities (President Clinton, 1994) – U.S. Commercial Remote Sensing Policy (President Bush, 2003) Replaces PDD23 but similar Military and civil agencies to rely on U.S. commercial systems for imaging needs

Shutter Control Shutter Control: 1992 Land Remote Sensing Act gives the U.S. Department of Commerce the legal authority to limit the collection and distribution of commercial satellite imagery, i.e. “shutter control”, “when national security, international obligations, or foreign policy interests may be compromised”. The government may place operational conditions or limitations on SAR or hyperspectral systems seeking licensure. The US government also limits remote sensing of Israel.

US License The Licensee is obligated to “operate the system in a manner that preserves the national security and observes the international obligations and foreign policies of the United States.” Maintain and make available to the US government a record of all satellite tasking operations for the previous year Data collection and/or distribution may be limited by the US government during periods when “national security or international obligations and/or foreign policies may be compromised.”. This restriction is commonly known as “shutter control” The government of any country has the right to unenhanced data and images of territory under their jurisdiction.

US License The US government has the right to unenhanced data for archival purposes. These data would be available to public after a reasonable period of time Data to be purged by a licensee must be offered to the US government for archival purposes and would be immediately available to the public The US government must be notified of any substantial agreements that the licensee intends to enter with any foreign nation, entity or consortium. The foreign party must comply with license regulations

U.S. Commercial Hi Res Remote Sensing Satellites

Space Imaging - Eosat Lockheed Martin Space Systems, Raytheon Systems Company, Mitsubishi and Hyundai. Purchased Eosat (Landsat /Indian data distributor) First launch from Vandenburg, USA in Sept Offering. 5m digital airborne Imaging system 1 and 4m IKONOS 5m Indian IRS 15m Landsat 7 Radarsat

Space Imaging

Ikonos Images

DigitalGlobe (EarthWatch) Earlybird Pixel size 3 m (at Nadir) Image size 3 km x 3 km per 30 degree inline and 28 cross track pointing Starting array sensor-stereo capable Sensor characteristics: Panchromatic sensor Multispectral sensor Exposure 15 km x 15 km per exposure 15 m (at nadir) 470 km orbit First launch failed in 1999 Decision not to re-launch and develop 1 meter system Ball Aerospace and Hitachi

Digitalglobe, Quickbird-2001 Launch date October, 2001 Earlier launch in 2000 failed Sensor characteristics Panchromatic sensor Multispectral sensor Image size 17 or 32 km 11 bit data (up to 2048 levels of gray scale) Pixel size 0.61 m (at nadir) 2.5 m (at nadir)

NGA NextView Contract September 2003, NGA awarded the first NextView agreement to DigitalGlobe, Inc. US$ 500 Million over 4 years The NextView agreement assures access, priority tasking rights, volume (area coverage), and broad licensing terms for sharing imagery with all U.S. Government potential mission partners. Funds for development of new.5 meter PAN, 2 m color ‘Worldview’ Satellite

Orbital Sciences Corp. Orbimage Orbview 1 (10 km weather) – 1995 Orbview 2 (1 km global veg) – 1997 Orbview 3 (1 and 4 m by 8 km) – June 26 ‘03 launch (Pegasus) Orbview 4 (hyperspectral 200 channels plus 1 and 4 meter) Taurus launch failure 09/21’01

Orbview 3 One Meter Pan

Orbview 3 Four Meter

NGA NextView Contract OrbImage awarded a 4 year, US$500 million contract by the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA, formerly the National Imagery and Mapping Agency, NIMA), valued at approximately $500 million. The contract will provide ORBIMAGE with both long-term revenue commitments as well as capital for the development of OrbView-5, ORBIMAGE’s next-generation high- resolution Imaging Satellite. Space Imaging lost the competition

ImageSat International N.V ImageSat Int. N.V. – Netherlands Antilles company with offices in Lamassol, Cyprus and Tel Aviv, Israel. Commercial ‘Ofeq’ Israeli spy satellites. EROS A1 8 sats w/ 1.8 m resolution 14 km alt. 270 Kg- Dec 2000 launch EROS B1-B6 have.82 meters resolution in 2006

Surrey Satellite Technology, Ltd. Founded 1985 by Surrey University, UK Earth Observation Microsatellites range from kg. 50m 3-spectrum band remote sensing and NIR meteorological imagery 30m 4-spectrum band remote sensing 15m panchromatic remote sensing 100m resolution 4-spectrum band, 800 km swath waves, providing images/2 days

“Surrey Knowhow Transfer” 18 month program Your team helps build your satellite Algeria, Nigeria, China, Turkey, Thailand, ROC, Argentina, South Africa etc.

SPIN-2/TerraServer SPIN-2 2 meter Russian film data TerraServer-Microsoft massive RS database online (3.7 Tb of data or 2,000 books of 500 pp.) Sell digital data direct from the website

Google Earth Real-time imagery viewer Fly from space to your neighborhood Type in an address and zoom right in. Search for schools, parks, restaurants, and hotels. Get driving directions. Tilt and rotate the view to see 3D terrain and buildings (some areas). Save and share your searches and favorites. Even add your own annotations.

The Future of the Future MEMS-Microelectromechanical systems and nano technology will begin to impact remote sensing “Smart Dust” – Sensors so small they float in the air (Kris Pister-U.Cal Berkeley) self- powered smart sensors with a 5 sq mm computer (asprin tablet), costing 10 cents now (down to dust size for a penny) Intelligent multitasking, sensors that communicate and make “group decisions” with on-board processing and linked with in- situ systems to trigger when, where and what to acquire, process, and distribute

In Conclusion Ultra high resolution systems are opening new areas of space remote sensing applications “Dual Use” issues are important New technologies like hyperspectral systems will become the norm and improve data extraction and analysis Micro technologies are on the horizon

Major questions How many of these do we need? What are the drivers? Archiving/storage/protection/retrieval of data Open skies vs. national interests and national security “Global good” vs. national interests/private profit Is more really better? Global.1 meter/256 channels/12 bit daily data? How can we handle this? Who will use it? It’s just a tool, the use of the tool is in human hands, we will decide how they are used.

Assignment Q1. Define the YELLOW highlighted terms in this presentation