Barbie O. M. Ejukonemu Contacts: Google ’ Dr Barbie Ejukonemu ’

 Acuity ---Latin(Acuitas)---- Sharpness  Visual Acuity –an indication of how well/sharp a person sees.  Measuring Instrument = VA chart  Unit of measurement = Snellen(Feet or meter), grating(cycle per degree), Decimal and log MAR  Convertible and reproducible.

 Diagnostic pointer  Follow-up progress on eye disease.  Health records and eligibility for services and tasks requiring eye sight.

 Visual system functionally least mature at birth. Infants are “listeners” than “lookers”  Visual deprivation imminent in the event of eye disease.  Focus on children to facilitate development and education  A visually impaired child = visually impaired adult

 System for vision testing not well developed  Detection of ocular abnormalities not well developed.  Pediatric VA instruments based on advanced technology.  Technology generally not available/affordable in developing countries.

 Review visual Acuity testing methods in children and equip participants with the capacity and capability to assess vision in children, emphasising standard, reproducible tests in the absence of standard instruments.

 Neonates (Birth to 1mth)  Infant (1mth - 1 yr)  Toddler (1yr – 3 yrs)  Pre school (3yrs – 6 yrs)  Middle childhood (6yrs – 11 yrs)  Adolescence (13yrs – 18 yrs)

Birth – 6mths - Observation, cover tests, Objection to occlusion, Threat reflex, Fixation, Following a light, Pupil responses, Grating test (Lea paddles) 6mths- 3yrs - 100’s and 1000’s, functional vision test, Lea paddles, Cardiff cards. 3yrs-5yrs - Kay pictures, Illiterate E, Sheridan Gardiner matching test with Key card, Cardiff cards 5-6yrs- Sonsken silver tests, snellen test with/without key cards.

 Newborn 20/300 – 20/400  4-5mths(16-20wks) 20/200  11-12mths(44-48wks) 20/100  1.5-2yrs(72- 96wks) 20/40  3-4yrs 20/30  5-6yrs 20/20

 10wks(2.5mths) (1—4cpd)*  20wks(5mths) (2 – 8cpd)  30wks(7.5mths) (4-8cpd)  40 – 60wks(10- 15mths) ( 4-16cpd)  *Cpd = cycle per degree  Cpcm = cycle per centimeter  At 57.2cm 1cpcm = 1cpd

 mths 6/48-6/12  18 – 23.9mths 6/24 – 6/7.5  24 – 29.9mths 6/15 – 6/7.5  30 – 36mths 6/12 – 6/6

 Cpm cpd snellen  /1000  /620  /500  /250  /190  /60  /50  /24  /18  /14

One of the following is true for VA testing in Toddlers a/ Cardiff cards b. Threat reflex c/ Sheridan Gardiner d/Lea Paddles

 Lea Paddles are best indicated for one of the following age groups  a/ infants  b/ Toddlers  c/ adolescents  d/ neonates  e/ Middle childhood 

 The standard Snellen Acuity chart at 6m test distance is best for  a/ adolescents  b/ middle childhood  d/ deaf adults  e/ all of the above 

 6/36 Snellen acuity is equivalent to  a/ 20/120 feet Snellen  b/ 1.0 in Log MAR  c/ 6 degrees Visual angle  d/ b & c above  e/ non of the above.

 2/60 Snellen acuity is equivalent to  a/ 6/180 meter Snellen  b/ 20/600 feet Snellen  c/ 0.03 decimal acuity  d/ 30 degrees visual angle  e/ all of the above.

 For Listening