بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم محاضرة الاربعاء والخميس Chapter 2

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بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم محاضرة الاربعاء والخميس Chapter 2 Discovering the Universe for yourself 25 و 26.11.2011 د. ســــليمان محمد بركـة suleiman.baraka@gmail.com 4/23/2017 PHYS3330-Al Aqsa University , Physics Departmetn

The Moon, Our constant companion القمر-الرفيق الدائم لكوكب الأرض حقائق حول القمر: يدور القمر حول الارض مرة كل 27 يوم وثلث أُنظر الشكل المقابل بالمقارنة بحجم الارض والقمر بالنسبة للشمس يمكن اعتبار ان كلاهما جسم واحد!! 4/23/2017 PHYS3330-Al Aqsa University , Physics Departmetn

PHYS3330-Al Aqsa University , Physics Departmetn دوران الارض اليومي يجعل القمر يظهر كانه يشرق من الشرق ويغرب في الغرب. يتحرك القمر بالنسبة للنجوم بمقدار نصف درجة في الساعة وهذه المسافة هي نفس حجمه الزاوي تذكر مثال الجريبفروت وسن القلم على بعد 15 مترا وسترى ان الارض والقمر يعتبران جسماً واحدا 4/23/2017 PHYS3330-Al Aqsa University , Physics Departmetn

لماذا نرى اطواراً مختلفة للقمــــــر تعتمد اطوار القمر على موقعها النسبي من الشمس عندما تدور حول الارض 4/23/2017 PHYS3330-Al Aqsa University , Physics Departmetn

PHYS3330-Al Aqsa University , Physics Departmetn 4/23/2017 PHYS3330-Al Aqsa University , Physics Departmetn

معلومات عن القمــــــــــر إن أطوار القمر لا تؤثر فقط على مظهره بل تؤثر ايضاً على شروقه وغروبه Notice that the phases from new to full are said to be waxing, which means “increasing.” Phases from full to new are waning, or “decreasing.” 4/23/2017 PHYS3330-Al Aqsa University , Physics Departmetn

PHYS3330-Al Aqsa University , Physics Departmetn Eclipse خسوف القمــر ما هو سبب خسوف القمر عادةً ما يكون هناك أحداث في القمر اكثر غرابة من ا طوار القمر وهذه هي حوادث خسوف القمر عندما يقع القمر والارض والشمس على خطٍ واحد يحدث الخسوف على وجهين الاول: خسوف القمر عندما تقع الارض بين القمر والشمس الثاني: كسوف الشمس عندما يقع القمر بين الارض والشمس 4/23/2017 PHYS3330-Al Aqsa University , Physics Departmetn

شكل 2.20 ص 44 يوضح حركة القمر حول الارض وكلاهما حول الشمس 4/23/2017 PHYS3330-Al Aqsa University , Physics Departmetn

هل دائما يحصل خسوف عندما يكون القمر والارض والشمس على خط واحد؟ the Moon’s orbit is slightly inclined (by about 5°) to the ecliptic plane (the plane of Earth’s orbit around the Sun). لظلال القمر وجهان: الظل وشبة الظل. والظل يكون عند الحجب الكامل للشمس وشبة الظل عند الحجب الجزئي للشمس Umbra Penumbra 4/23/2017 PHYS3330-Al Aqsa University , Physics Departmetn

PHYS3330-Al Aqsa University , Physics Departmetn أنواع خسوف القمـر إذا وجدت الشمس و الارض والقمر على إستقامةٍ واحدة فأننا نرى خسوفا قمرياً كليا إذا مر جزءأً من البدر في منطقة الظل والجزء الاخر في منطقة شبة الظل فإن الخسوف يكون جزئياً إذا مر القمر في شبه ظل الارض فاننا نرى خسوفا قمرياً شبه ظليا 4/23/2017 PHYS3330-Al Aqsa University , Physics Departmetn

PHYS3330-Al Aqsa University , Physics Departmetn 4/23/2017 PHYS3330-Al Aqsa University , Physics Departmetn

PHYS3330-Al Aqsa University , Physics Departmetn 4/23/2017 PHYS3330-Al Aqsa University , Physics Departmetn

كسوف الشمسSolar Eclipses We can also see three types of solar eclipse (Figure 2.23). If a solar eclipse occurs when the Moon is relatively close to Earth in its orbit, the Moon’s umbra touches a small area of Earth’s surface (no more than about 270 kilometers in diameter). Within this area you will see a total solar eclipse. Surrounding the region of totality is a much larger area (typically about 7000 kilometers in diameter) that falls within the Moon’s penumbral shadow. Here you will see a partial solar eclipse, in which only part of the Sun is blocked from view. If the eclipse occurs when the Moon is relatively far from Earth, the umbra may not reach Earth’s surface at all. In that case, you will see an annular eclipse––a ring of sunlight surrounding the moon––from a position directly behind the umbra; again, you will see a partial solar eclipse in the surrounding penumbral shadow. 4/23/2017 PHYS3330-Al Aqsa University , Physics Departmetn

PHYS3330-Al Aqsa University , Physics Departmetn 4/23/2017 PHYS3330-Al Aqsa University , Physics Departmetn

PHYS3330-Al Aqsa University , Physics Departmetn In this chapter, we surveyed the phenomena of our sky. Keep the following “big picture” ideas in mind as you continue your study of astronomy: • You can enhance your enjoyment of astronomy by observing the sky. The more you learn about the appearance and apparent motions of objects in the sky, the more you will appreciate what you can see in the universe. • From our vantage point on Earth, it is convenient to imagine that we are at the center of a great celestial sphere—even though we really are on a planet orbiting a star in a vast universe. We can then understand what we see in the local sky by thinking about how the celestial sphere appears from our latitude. • Most of the phenomena of the sky are relatively easy to observe and understand. The more complex phenomena—particularly eclipses and apparent retrograde motion of the planets—challenged our ancestors for thousands of years. The desire to understand these phenomena helped drive the development of science and technology. 4/23/2017 PHYS3330-Al Aqsa University , Physics Departmetn