Chapter 18 Financial Strategies: Financing and Currencies
Chapter Outline Nonfinancial Institutions -Self Financing and Debt Financing -Equity Financing Financial Institutions Government Agencies
Chapter Outline International Financial Institutions/Development Banks – World Bank – International Development Association (IDA) – International Finance Corporation (IFC) – Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) – International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) IMF (International Monetary Fund)
Chapter Outline Money Foreign Exchange Foreign Exchange Market Foreign Exchange Rate -Currency Equilibrium -Effect of Devaluation
Chapter Outline Exchange-Rate Systems -Gold Standard -Par Value (Adjustable Peg) -Crawling Peg (Sliding or Gliding Parity) -Wide Band -Floating (Flexible) System Official Classification of Exchange Rate Regimes Evaluation of Floating Rates
Chapter Outline Financial Implications and Strategies -Early Warning Systems -Hedging -Leading and Lagging -Invoicing -Pass-Through Costs -Other Strategies
Self Financing and Debt Financing own capital withholding of dividends trade credit joint venture partners borrowing from affiliated firms and employee retirement fund issuing commercial paper or bonds
Equity Financing Selling Stock Venture Capital
Financial Institutions Factoring Houses Forfaiting Banks
Government Agencies Concessionary Financing Mixed/Blended Credit
International Financial Institutions/ Development Banks World Bank (IBRD) International Development Association (IDA) International Finance Corporation (IFC) Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID)
Money Hard (International) Currencies vs. Soft Currencies Functions of Currency -medium of exchange -unit of account -store of value
Foreign Exchange Market Credit (Financing) Clearing Hedging Spot Market vs. Forward Market
Foreign Exchange Rate Currency Equilibrium Effect of Devaluation - Exports and Employment - Imports and Consumer Welfare
Exchange Rate Systems Gold Standard Par Value (Adjustable Peg) Crawling Peg (Sliding or Gliding Parity) Wide Band Floating (Flexible) System
Official Classification of Exchange Rate Regimes Floating Exchange Rate Regimes -independently floating regimes -managed floating regimes Intermediate Exchange Rate Regimes -soft pegs -tightly managed floating regimes Hard Peg Regimes -currency boards -exchange rate regimes with no separate legal tender
Financial Implications and Strategies Early Warning Systems Hedging Leading and Lagging Invoicing Pass-Through Costs Other Strategies