OBJECTIVE: How was America changed by WWI? 19.3 THE WAR AT HOME

CONTEXT The US has been opposed to joining the war Very quickly, the US must change gears, economically and psychologically US must supply itself AND THE ALLIES Everyone must pitch in New Opportunities open for women and minorities

HOW AMERICA CHANGED… POLITICALLY Congress gives the President direct control over the economy. Government establishes a propaganda campaign Espionage and Sedition Act restricts Civil Liberties IWW and Eugene V. Debs tried for sedition Women get the right to vote in 19 th Amendment (1920)

Why do you think civil liberties were so easily violated by the people and government of the US during WWI?

War Industries Board Main regulatory body of the economy Reorganized and led by Bernard M. Baruch Encouraged efficiency and set wholesale prices Retail prices began to skyrocket and companies profited greatly

Selling the War U.S. spent $33 billion on the war effort 1/3 of this was brought in through taxes Much of the rest of the money was gathered through the purchase of “Liberty Bonds”

Committee on Public Information Propaganda agency to excite the public for the war Headed up by George Creel Recruited more than 75,000 men to act as “Four Minute Men”. They would deliver a speech anywhere, anytime, about everything relating to the war Distributed more than 60 million pamphlets, booklets, and leaflets – many with the help of the Boy Scouts

Leslie's Illustrated News cover from September 29, 1917, "Be Patriotic sign your country's pledge to save the food" A patriotic wartime poster. (Picture Research Consultants & Archives) Leslie's Illustrated News cover from September 29, 1917, "Be Patriotic sign your country's pledge to save the food" Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

WWI poster: "Sow the Seeds of Victory" In 1918, this poster by James Montgomery Flagg appealed to American women to contribute to victory by conserving food through raising and preserving food for their families. The woman is shown sowing seeds (in the way that grain was planted before the development of agricultural machinery for that task), garbed in a dress made from an American flag, and wearing a red Liberty cap, a symbol that originated in the French Revolution. (Ohio Historical Society) WWI poster: "Sow the Seeds of Victory" Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

HOW AMERICA CHANGED… ECONOMICALLY War Industries Board regulates the economy Government intervenes in labor disputes American Federation of Labor supports mobilization, few strikes Economy gears up, largely voluntarily (except for trains) Herbert Hoover organizes food relief for Allies Voluntary efforts=“victory gardens” & self-denial Eighteenth Amendment = Prohibition Income tax

Schenk v. US Evidence held sufficient to connect the defendants with the mailing of printed circulars in pursuance of a conspiracy to obstruct the recruiting and enlistment service, contrary to the Espionage Act of June 15, Incriminating document seized under a search warrant directed against a Socialist headquarters, held admissible in evidence, consistently with the Fourth and Fifth Amendment, in a criminal prosecution against the general secretary of a Socialist party, who had charge of the office. Words which, ordinarily and in many places, would be within the freedom of speech protected by the First Amendment may become subject to prohibition when of such a nature and used in such circumstances a to create a clear and present danger that they will bring about the substantive evils which Congress has a right to prevent. The character of every act depends upon the circumstances in which it is done. P

HOW AMERICA CHANGED… SOCIALLY Women join labor force in large number Great African-American Migration from South to North Race riots, esp. St. Louis, Chicago Anti-German sentiment grows in public Women begin voting America gripped by Great Flu Epidemic (500,000 Americans die)

SOCIAL CHANGE DURING WWI WEB Du Bois urges support of war effort Great Black Migration EFFECTS: Change composition of Chicago, Detroit, St. Louis, New York, Philly Race Riots CAUSES: Escape from Jim Crow South Poor cotton harvests of 1916 Ford Motor Comp. Hired African-Americans Northern manufacturers’ “recruiters”

THE GREAT MIGRATION

African American family just arrived in Chicago, 1912 Labor shortages and high wages drew African Americans from the south to the north. This family, including members of three generations, posed for a photographer upon their arrival in Chicago from the south, as part of the Great Migration during World War I. (Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, New York Public Library) African American family just arrived in Chicago, 1912 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

SOCIAL CHANGE DURING WWI Women enter the workforce Women enlist in armed forces 19 th Amendment (1920) – WOMEN GET RIGHT TO VOTE

Poster: "Stenographers We Need You" Many government agencies used posters to appeal to the American people for help in winning the war. This one, from the U.S. Employment Service, encouraged women to enter the work force. (National Archives) Poster: "Stenographers We Need You" Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

INFLUENZA PANDEMIC OF 1918 Also known as “Spanish Flu” Global flu 25% of population sick 500,000 Americans killed 40 million+ killed worldwide

TERMS War Industries Board Bernard M. Baruch George Creel Espionage and Sedition Acts Great Migration OBJECTIVE: How was America changed by WWI?