Vanita, Robin, Jeannette, & Chris

* Social modeling for children with Asperger’s * Direction taken from usability testing * Tutorials to support first-time users * Clarify button names

* Animation * Practical considerations * Functional considerations * Attract attention * Engage learners * Sustain motivation * Reduction of extraneous cognitive load

* Animation – Research is inconclusive * Ayres et al. identify 2 characteristics * Information is transitory * Animations are a series of successive elements * To offset these characteristics: * ‘tracing’ – leaving information on the screen * Build in user-control

Objective of using voice–overs/ sound and text:  to enhance the experience.  to engage and catch the user’s attention. Rationale: Some Advantages revealed by Research …. * “In contrast to print and audio comparisons, which generally reveal no advantage for dual over single presentations, studies show that adding pictures to print or audio generally increases learning” (Nugent, 1992)  A dual modality presentation improves user comprehension and retention.

* Objective of using voice–overs/ sound and text: * To enhance user experience * To engage and catch the user’s attention * Rationale: * “In contrast to print and audio comparisons, which generally reveal no advantage for dual over single presentations, studies show that adding pictures to print or audio generally increases learning” (Nugent, 1992) * A dual modality presentation improves user comprehension and retention.

* “Flexibility is extremely important to system use since different users may require different degrees of support” ( Sipior and Garrity, 1992) * A mix of audio and visual components improves attributes such as perception, attention, comprehension, and retention. * Research also revealed some Disadvantages * “a special consideration for video (and spoken audio) is that any narration may lead to difficulty for international users as well as for users with a hearing disability” (Nielsen, 1995) * Decision made: * a combination of voice and * use of simple text along with graphics and icons. Text and Voice Voice Text

* Facilitate learning rather than distract * Pick & use 1 or change * This text is for a place holder

* Episodic nature of memory – Mayes & Roberts (2001) – visual information most salient * Optimal web video episode length – Nielsen (2005) - keep it short, less than one minute * Google Sketchup and Adobe tutorials – one to eight minute lengths * Czerwinski & Horvitz (2002) – let a previous task item fade from memory before introducing a new one * An issue of length or amount of information required to perform a task?

* Usability testing * Parallel designs * Static graphical/textual presentation? * Dynamic animated – with graphics, voice, text * Test efficacy of learning with mock-up * 3-5 Users * Iterative design

* Trial 1 – Stop Action Animation Trial 1 – Stop Action Animation * Trial 2 – Animating ‘Jings’ Trial 2 – Animating ‘Jings’ * Trial 3 … Word, Jing, PinPoint, Camtasia - final? Trial 3 … Word, Jing, PinPoint, Camtasia - final?

* Ayres, P., Kalyuga, S., Marcus, N., & Sweller, J. (2005). The conditions under which instructional animations may be effective. Paper presented at an International Workshop and Mini-conference, Open University of the Netherlands: Heerlen, The Netherlands. Retrieved from Ayres.doc * Czerwinski, M., & Horvitz, E. (2002). An investigation of memory for daily computing events. In Xristine Faulkner, Janet Finlay, & Françoise Détienne (Eds.). People and computers XVI – memorable yet invisible: Proceedings of HCI 2002 (pp ). London, ENG: Springer-Verlag. * Mayes, A. R., & Roberts, N. (2001). Theories of episodic memory. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of Bilogical Sciences, 356, doi /rstb * Nielsen, J. (1995). Guidelines for multimedia. Jakob Nielsen's alertbox for December Retrieved from * Nielsen, J. (2005). Talking-head video is boring online. Jakob Nielsen’s alertbox, December 5, Retrieved from * Nugent, G. (1982). Pictures audio and print: Symbolic representation and effect on learning. Educational Comm. Tech. J. 30, 3, * Sipior, J.C.& Garrity, E.J., (1992). Merging expert systems with multimedia technology. ACM SIGMUS Database, 23(1), doi: / *