Why study evolution?  Best conceptual framework for understanding origins of biodiversity  Adaptations that allow organisms to exploit their environment.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
 3.a.1 – DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information (19.2).  3.c.3 – Viral replication results in genetic variation,
Advertisements

CCR5 : and HIV Immunity Gene Variation Works for and Against HIV Ashley Alexis & Hilda Hernandez.
Simon Howden Applied Evolution Why Evolution Matters Belize Evolution Education Workshops, Nov
Lecture outline The nomenclature of Immunology
The branch that breaks Is called rotten, but Wasn’t there snow on it? Bartolt Brecht Haiti after a hurricane.
Bioe 109 Evolution Summer 2009 Lecture 1: Part II Evolution in action: the HIV virus.
Natural History of HIV/AIDS
HIV/AIDS as a Microcosm for the Study of Evolution.
Natural Selection in Human Populations
HIV and AIDS Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is the virus that causes Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS).
Lecture: HIV I.Motivation What can we learn when we apply evolutionary principles to our understanding of the of the HIV epidemic?? Can we use HIV to introduce.
The branch that breaks Is called rotten, but Wasn’t there snow on it? Bartolt Brecht Haiti after a hurricane.
AIDS-Acquired ImmunoDeficiency Syndrome
The Origins, Risks, and Prevention of Emerging Diseases
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Part II VIRUSES. TYPES OF HIV There are two types of HIV HIV-1 and HIV-2 Can be distinguished genetically and antigenically.
Viruses Chapter 33 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies Permission
Biology and natural history of the virus
Dear Sister, I have received your letter of February 29 in which you express concern and question the teaching of evolution at BYU-Idaho. I thank you for.
Viruses Chapter Nature of Viruses All viruses have same basic structure -Nucleic acid core surrounded by capsid Nucleic acid can be DNA or RNA;
AIDS supplement. History of HIV Originated in Africa in the late 1950’s Originally found in nonhuman primates and may have mutated First documented in.
A)High rate of mutation b)Founder effect c)Bottleneck effect d)Cats with extra toes are better at catching mice e)Extra toes are sexually appealing to.
Antibodies I’ve heard of them but just what are they? Plasma Cells of Effector Cells Transcription Translation Polypeptide / Proteins Humoral Response:
The evolution of HIV Why is HIV fatal?. Lethal strains are favored, due to “Short sighted” evolution within hosts Transmission rate advantages.
THE IMMUNOPATHOGENESIS OF HIV INFECTION. THE HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV) 10359bp DNA gp120 gp41 CD4 binding Membrane fusion.
Lecture #10 Chapter 23~ The Evolution of Populations.
Evolution and Human Health. I.Motivation Evolutionary principles can contribute to understanding of origin and treatment of human disease Evolutionary.
Using Molecular Information to Investigate the Evolutionary Origin of the HIV Virus.
Evolution is the unifying concept of biology. Two Central Themes of Biology Adaptation - How and in what ways do organisms function and become better.
Host genetic diversity Genome-wide approaches. Affected sib analysis Take full sibs, preferably of the same sex should share many environmental variables.
Why study evolution?  Best conceptual framework for understanding origins of biodiversity  Adaptations that allow organisms to exploit their environment.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus VIRUSES.
EVOLUTIONARY ANALYSIS 1. To show the kind of questions evolutionary biologist investigate. 2. Demonstrate how an evolutionary view can inform researchers.
Unit 04 Population Dynamics HIV and humans. Building complexity From a single cell to a population… Single Cells Population of viruses Population of humans.
ImmunoPathogenesis of HIV Disease Overview of HIV Epidemic Basic biology of HIV-1 Stages of HIV Disease Viral and Cellular Dynamics after HAART HIV Therapy.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome AIDS
Raven - Johnson - Biology: 6th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Viruses Chapter 33 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies Permission required.
Retrovirus. Retroviridae –Retrovirus HTLV (human T-cell lymphotropic virus) –Lentivirus HIV.
 Recognition  Attachment  Penetration  Uncoating  Early protein synthesis  Nucleic acid synthesis  Late protein synthesis  Assembly  Release.
The Nature of Viruses Chapter 27.
HIV/AIDS.
THE IMMUNE RESPONSES TO VIRUSES
SC.912.L Mutations 2. Genetic Recombination (sexual reproduction)
Pp  HIV: human immunodeficiency virus  AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome): weakened immune system caused by the infection of HIV HIV.
HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS AND ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME (AIDS)
EVOLUTION UNIT Natural Selection & Biological Resistance.
Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 94 Antiviral Agents II: Drugs for HIV Infection and.
Animal Viruses –Viruses that infect animals are common causes of disease. –From Medical Virology 4th Ed. By White and Fenner.
Evolutionary Mechanisms Biological evolution: change in genetic composition of a population over time How can the gene pool of a population be characterized.
Journal Club Presentation BIOL368/F16: Bioinformatics Laboratory
Basics of HIV Virus Vijay Kandula, MD MPH AAHIVS
M1 – Immunology CYTOKINES AND CHEMOKINES March 26, 2009 Ronald B
Evolution is the unifying concept of biology
Katsin MA, Vitebsk State Medical University (Belarus)
Evidence to support Darwin’s idea of “Descent with Modification”
AIDS supplement.
Immunodeficiency (2 of 2)
Human Health and Disease
Hiv.
Chapter 17a HIV infection and AIDS.
Abnormal Immunity Continued
אידס יום האידס הבנלאומי- אחד בדצמבר לא כדאי למות.... בגלל בורות
Big Idea 3 - Genetics and Information
Antibiotics are designed to : cell walls and membranes
Other biological particles
Immunodeficiency (2 of 2)
Aim What happens when a bacteria or virus mutates?
VIRUSES.
Viruses Chapter 26.
Terminology HIV AIDS Acquired Human Immune Immunodeficiency Deficiency
Presentation transcript:

Why study evolution?  Best conceptual framework for understanding origins of biodiversity  Adaptations that allow organisms to exploit their environment  Self discovery  Keystone of biology (including human health)

Lecture: HIV I.Motivation What can we learn when we apply evolutionary principles to our understanding of the of the HIV epidemic?? Can we use HIV to introduce us to evolutionary principles Natural Selection Mutation Gene Flow Descent with Modification

II. Prevalence & Effect

Life expectancy in Botswana HIV is a natural selective agent

III. Basic Biology of HIV and Human Immunoresponse Infectious stage Helper T-cell Reverse transcriptase 11. HIV replication = T-cell death *

IV. HIV Treatment How AZT blocks reverse transcriptase

pyrimidine

V. Evolution of HIV in Host AZT is a selective agent On HIV Needed to prevent replication in t-tubes

Can we predict the changes in Reverse Transcriptase* using evolutionary principles?? *due to AZT

HIV Contributes to Collapse of Immune System in 3 Ways: 1.Continuous evolution of HIV proteins used by human immune system to recognize HIV 2. Evolution towards more and more aggressive replication 3. HIV often evolve to infect different immune cells (naïve T cells) using different immune cell receptor proteins

Years since patient became HIV Positive Evolution at gp120 locus

Neutral evolution and progression to AIDS Evolutionary tree for one patient Across patients progress to AIDS

HIV strains evolve to become more competitive

HIV evolves to recognize the CXCR4 receptor on Naïve helper T cells

HIV-1 interacts with a cell-surface receptor, primarily CD4, and through conformational changes becomes more closely associated with the cell through interactions with other cell-surface molecules, such as the chemokine receptors CXCR4 and CCR5. VI. Evolution of the Host, Evidence for Genetic Variation for Resistance

Genetic variation In Africa for Resistance to HIV Deletion in CCR5 locus Sex workers in Kenya having a C instead of a T at position 868 for CD4 have resistance to HIV Two loci in human populations confer resistance to HIV

VII. Evolution of Human Specific HIV Multiple evolution of HIV

Group M HIV-1 Strains

Innocent Guilty Evidence

VIII. HIV is a good model to start us thinking in evolutionary terms: 1.Selective agents on host and disease 2.Source or origin of disease 3.Strategies to combat HIV Highlights evolutionary theory: Natural selection Mutation Gene Flow Descent with Modification