ASHE Annual Conference November 17, 2011 Maintaining Career Aspirations in Science, Technology, Engineering, & Mathematics (STEM) among College Students Felisha Herrera Sylvia Hurtado Mitch Chang Higher Education Research Institute University of California, Los Angeles

Background Sources: National Science Foundation, 2009 & U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2009 Total Workforce vs. STEM Workforce Demographics

 Background Characteristics  Prior Academic Achievement  Undergraduate Experiences  Institutional Structural Influences Literature

Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT)  Person Inputs  Background Affordances  Learning Experiences  Self-efficacy  Outcome Expectations  Interests  Contextual Influences

 Students’ retained STEM career aspirations  To explore the associations between measures of students’ perceptions and motivations, college experiences and institutional contexts, while controlling for student’s background characteristics and pre-college preparation Purpose

Methodology  Data Sources  2004 Freshman Survey (TFS)  2008 College Senior Survey (CSS)  Sample  3,156 students  217 institutions  62% female  47% URM  Analysis  Multi-level Structural Equation Modeling

Contextual Influences Figure 1. Hypothesized Model Utilizing SCCT Framework Institutional Level Variables Student Level Variables Retained STEM Career Aspiratio n Senior Year Person Inputs/ Background Mother’s Education URM Gender (Female) Interests Outcome Expectations Self-efficacy Academic Self Concept High School GPA Importance of making a theoretical contribution to science Intention to change major Satisfaction w/ math & science courses Worked on professor’s research project Institutional Selectivity Percent of STEM majors Learning Experiences Faculty Interaction

Institutional Level Variables Student Level Variables Retained STEM Career Aspiratio n Senior Year Mother’s Education URM Gender (Female) Academic Self Concept High School GPAIntention to change major Satisfaction w/ math & science courses Worked on professor’s research project Percent of STEM majors Faculty Interaction Figure 2. Final Model a N=3156; X 2 (df=47; p<0.001) = ; CFI =.96; TLI =.93; RMSEA =.03 b parameter added based on modification indices and theoretical/empirical review. Note: All paths are significant at p<.05. Negative effects are noted in red. b b.11 b.13 b -.07 b -.18 b.13 b.18 b b -.08 b.42 b b.53 b.09 b Institutional Selectivity Importance of making a theoretical contribution to science

β (sig) Underrepresented minority student -0.08*** High School GPA 0.10*** 2004 Academic self-concept 0.05* Intention to change major field -0.13*** Satisfaction w/ science and mathematics courses 0.22*** Worked on a professor’s research project 0.11*** Faculty mentorship -0.04*** Institutional selectivity -0.29*** Percent of students majoring in STEM in *** Direct Effects: Predicting Retained STEM Career Aspirations *** p<0.001, ** p<0.01, * p<0.05

β (sig) Gender (Female) -0.01* Underrepresented minority student -0.22*** Mother’s education 0.02*** High School GPA 0.07*** 2004 Academic self-concept 0.10*** Faculty mentorship 0.02*** Indirect Effects: Predicting Retained STEM Career Aspirations *** p<0.001, ** p<0.01, * p<0.05

 Implications for URM students  Early interventions  Academic self-concept  P sychological motivations  Major intentions  Introductory STEM classrooms  Role of faculty  Institutional contexts  Future Research  Disaggregation and group comparison (i.e. URM; Non-URM)  Specific STEM careers (i.e. engineers, medical) Discussion & Implications

Institutional Level Variables Student Level Variables Retained STEM Career Aspiratio n Senior Year Mother’s Education URM Gender (Female) Academic Self Concept High School GPAIntention to change major Satisfaction w/ math & science courses Worked on professor’s research project Percent of STEM majors Faculty Interaction b b.13 b -.07 b.18 b Institutional Selectivity Importance of making a theoretical contribution to science b.09

Contact Information Acknowledgments: This study was made possible by the support of the National Institute of General Medical Sciences, NIH Grant Numbers 1 R01 GMO and R01 GMO as well as the National Science Foundation, NSF Grant Number This independent research and the views expressed here do not indicate endorsement by the sponsors. Papers and reports are available for download from project website: Project Faculty and Co-PIs: Sylvia Hurtado Mitchell Chang Juan Garibay Felisha Herrera Postdoctoral Scholars: Kevin Eagan Josephine Gasiewski Administrative Staff: Dominique Harrison Graduate Research Assistants: Tanya Figueroa Gina Garcia Bryce Hughes Cindy Mosqueda