Chapters 4 and 5 Introduction to Nanophysics and Nanochemistry:The nanoscopic and macroscopic worlds

| SectionChapter | What does history have to do with science? Those who cannot learn from history are doomed to repeat it. George Santayana The Nanoscopic World: Introduction 2

| SectionChapter | What is science? A search for truth (and what is truth?) A methodical form to seek knowledge A coherent body of knowledge in a certain area A way to increase the knowledge of humanity An experience that increases our awareness of the way things are The Nanoscopic World: Introduction 3

| SectionChapter | What is science? “We find ourselves in a bewildering world. We want to make sense of what we see around us and to ask: What is the nature of the universe? What is our place in it and where did it and we come from? Why is it the way it is?” From A Brief History of Time by Stephen Hawkins The Nanoscopic World: Introduction 4

| SectionChapter | How does it work? from Thomas Kuhn in The Structure of Scientific Revolution Paradigm: “… accepted examples of scientific practice [that] provide models from which spring particular coherent traditions of scientific research.” “… normal-scientific research is directed to the articulation of those phenomena and theories that the paradigm already supplies.” “New and unsuspected phenomena, …are repeatedly uncovered by scientific research… “ “… characteristic shifts in the scientific community’s conception of its legitimate problems and standards… [did not occur] from some methodologically lower to some higher type.“ “…considerations that lead can lead scientist to reject an old paradigm in favor of a new… appeal to the individual’s sense of the appropriate and the aesthetic.” The Nanoscopic World: Introduction 5

| SectionChapter | How we go about it? Underlying principles Matter is composed of atoms and molecules. Atoms differ by their atomic number; molecules differ by the atoms that form them and by their molecular structure. The behavior of matter depends on the physical and chemical properties of the atoms and molecules that compose it. The Nanoscopic World: Introduction 6

| SectionChapter | How did the Greeks go about it?  : Greek word meaning indivisible. Democritus All that exists is atoms in the void. Plato Atoms have different geometries that give a substance its characteristics. The Nanoscopic World: Introduction 7

| SectionChapter | Table of elements Moderns The Nanoscopic World: Introduction Greeks 8 EarthWind FireWater

| SectionChapter | Processes Greeks Substances are made of combinations of the four elements Substances behave according to the combination of the four elements The elements move according to their nature The Nanoscopic World: Inrtoduction Moderns Substances are made of elements in the periodic table Substances behave according to the elements that compose them Energies and forces determine the movement and reactivity of the elements 9

| SectionChapter | Agenda Introduction The Nanoscopic World −Matter and energy −Atoms −Nanoscale particles The Macroscopic World −Intermolecular forces −Properties of liquids −Applications The Nanoscopic World: Introduction 10

The Nanoscopic World: Matter and Energy Introduction to Nanophysics and Nanochemistry

| SectionChapter | The Nanoscopic World: Matter and Energy 12 What is matter? ?

| SectionChapter | How do we perceive matter? States (or phases) of matter: Solid, liquid, gaseous Classification of matter: The Nanoscopic World: Matter and Energy 13

| SectionChapter | Explanation of matter States (or phases) of matter: The Nanoscopic World: Matter and Energy 14

| SectionChapter | Explanation of matter Classification of matter The Nanoscopic World: Matter and Energy 15

| SectionChapter | Definitions What is energy? Capacity to perform work. What is work? Force applied through a distance. What is force? Exerted energy. Mass times acceleration. The Nanoscopic World: Matter and Energy 16

| SectionChapter | Mechanical energy For a moving object Kinetic Energy K = ½mv 2 Potential Energy (Work) U (or V) = - W = Law of conservation of energy  K +  U = 0 E = K + U The Nanoscopic World: Matter and Energy 17

| SectionChapter | 1 st Law of Thermodynamics Change in energy of a system of particles  E = q + w w: work w = q: heat transferred Heat K avg = (3/2)RT The Nanoscale World: Matter and Energy 18

| SectionChapter | Electromagnetic spectrum The Nanoscopic World: Matter and Energy 19 = c/ : wave length : frecuency c: constant of the speed of light

| SectionChapter | Theories of light Interference The Nanoscopic World: Matter and Energy 20

| SectionChapter | Properties of light Diffraction The Nanoscopic World: Matter and Energy 21

| SectionChapter | Properties of light Reflection diffraction The Nanoscopic World: Matter and Energy 22

| SectionChapter | Properties of light X-ray diffraction The Nanoscopic World: Matter and Energy 23

| SectionChapter | Theories of light Light particles The Nanoscopic World: Matter and Energy 24

| SectionChapter | Theories of light Light particles The Nanoscopic World: Matter and Energy 25

| SectionChapter | Theories of light Photoelectric effect Energy of a photon E f = h h: constante de Planck Kinetic energy of the electron K e = h -   : Binding energy of electron to the metal Relativistic effects E f = h = mc 2 The Nanoscopic World: Matter and Energy 26

The Nanoscopic World: Atoms Introduction to Nanophysics and Nanochemistry

| SectionChapter | Atom structure Bohr atom The Nanoscopic World: Atoms 28

| SectionChapter | Wave particle duality Interference The Nanoscopic World: Atoms 29

| SectionChapter | Wave particle duality De Broglie relation Wave properties For light For an electron The Nanoscopic World: Atoms 30

| SectionChapter | Modern model of the atom 31 The Nanoscopic World: Atoms 14 Helium Atom −2 Neutrons and 2 protons in the nucleus −2 Electrons moving about the nucleus An Element Is an Atom with a Unique Chemical Identity The Presence of 2 Protons in the Nucleus Is Unique to the Helium Atom −# Neutrons changes — helium isotopes −# Electrons changes — helium ions −# Protons changes — not helium!

| SectionChapter | Ions The Nanoscopic World: Atoms 32 Net charge = # of protons - # of electrons

| SectionChapter | Mathematics of the atom Schödinger equation One dimension Operators Hamiltonian Simplified equation The Nanoscopic World: Atoms 33

| SectionChapter | Atomic Spectra The Nanoscopic World: Atoms 34

| SectionChapter | Interpretation of atomic spectra The Nanoscopic World: Atoms 35 Energy levels

| SectionChapter | Atomic orbitals Electron probability density The Nanoscopic World: Atoms 36 Region around a nucleus where the probability of finding an electron is 90% Orbital:

| SectionChapter | Atomic orbitals 37 The Nanoscopic World: Atoms 14

| SectionChapter | Electron configuration The Nanoscopic World: Atoms 38

| SectionChapter | Periodic Table of the Elements 39 The Nanoscopic World: Atoms 14 Metals Nonmetals Metalloids

| SectionChapter | Periodic Trends: Atomic Number (Number of Protons in Nucleus) 40 The Nanoscopic World: Atoms 14 Increasing atomic number

| SectionChapter | Periodic Trends: Atomic Size 41 The Nanoscopic World: Atoms 14 Increasing atomic size

| SectionChapter | Periodic trends: Ionization energy The Nanoscopic World: Atoms 42 Increasing ionization energy

| SectionChapter | Periodic Trends: Electronegativity 43 The Nanoscopic World: Atoms 14 Increasing electronegativity

| SectionChapter | Molecular Geometry The Nanoscopic World: Atoms 44

The Nanoscopic World: Nanoscale particles Introduction to Nanophysics and Nanochemistry

| SectionChapter | Agenda The Nanoscopic World: Introduction 46 Introduction The Nanoscopic World − Matter and energy − Atoms − Nanoscale particles The Macroscopic World − Intermolecular forces − Properties of liquids − Applications

| SectionChapter | Refresher The Nanoscopic World: Nanoscale particles 47 Atoms Are Composed of Elementary Particles −Central nucleus with two particle types: Neutrons (no charge) Positively charged protons −Negatively charged electrons found around and about the nucleus Electrons Are In Constant Motion −Individual electrons localized into regions of space with defined energy −Electron transitions occur in defined increments (energy is quantized) Fluctuating, Non-Uniform Charge Distribution Surrounds the Atom

| SectionChapter | Ionic compounds The Macroscopic World: Nanoscale particles 48 Na + ½ Cl 2 → [ Na + + Cl – ] → NaCl Ca + Cl 2 → [ Ca +2 + Cl – + Cl – ] → CaCl 2

| SectionChapter | Covalent bond formation The Macroscopic World: Atoms 49

| SectionChapter | Molecules The Macroscopic World: Nanoscale particles 50 Molecules Are Composed of Atoms − Relative location of atomic nuclei give shape to the molecule Electrons Are In Constant Motion − Electrons are shared among atoms in the molecule in covalent bonds − Covalent bonds between nuclei have shapes, locations, energies σ-bonds, π-bonds molecular orbitals Fluctuating, Non-Uniform Charge Distribution Surrounds the Molecule

| SectionChapter | Polymers The Macroscopic World: Nanoscale particles 51

| SectionChapter | Dendrimers The Macroscopic World: Nanoscale particles 52

| SectionChapter | SAM Self-Assembled Monolayers The Macroscopic World: Nanoscale particles 53

| SectionChapter | Metal nanoparticles The Macroscopic World: Nanoscale particles 54 Properties − 1 to >100 nm − Uniform size distribution − Easily modified surface properties Gold particles − Are red, not gold − Inert in biological organisms − Can be functionalized with SAM Silver nanoparticles − have antibacterial effect

| SectionChapter | Metal nanoparticles The Macroscopic World: Nanoscale particles 55

| SectionChapter | Quantum dots The Macroscopic World: Nanoscale particles 56

| SectionChapter | Energy level revisited The Macroscopic World: Nanoscale particles 57 Semiconductors

| SectionChapter | Carbon allotropes The Macroscopic World: Nanoscale particles 58 Carbon NanotubeC 60 Fullerene

The Macroscopic World: Intermolecular Forces Introduction to Nanophysics and Nanochemistry

| SectionChapter | Polarity of bonds The Macroscopic World: Intermolecular forces 60 Electronegativity − 3.5 Oxygen − 2.1 Hydrogen

| SectionChapter | Polarity The Macroscopic World: Intermolecular forces 61 Dipole Ions Induced Dipole

| SectionChapter | Intermolecular forces The Macroscopic World: Intermolecular forces 62

| SectionChapter | The Macroscopic World: Intermolecular forces 63 Hydrogen bonding Ice

| SectionChapter | Hydrogen bonding in DNA The Macroscopic World: Intermolecular forces 64

| SectionChapter | Energetics The Macroscopic World: Intermolecular forces 65 Energy of interaction −Heat (q): change in thermal energy reservoir during a physical, chemical, or biological process (q=ΔH when pressure is constant) −Entropy (S): measure of the number of ways objects can interact −Gibbs free energy (ΔG): ΔG = ΔH – TΔS −ΔG < 0 spontaneous process (additional energy not required) −ΔG = 0 equilibrium situation −ΔG > 0 non-spontaneous process At the nanoscale, energy can flow between internal energy, in the form of chemical bonds, and useable energy or heat (ΔH).

The Macroscopic World: Properties of liquids Introduction to Nanophysics and Nanochemistry

| SectionChapter | Liquids The Macroscopic World: Properties of liquids 67 Properties of Liquids −Brownian motion −Cohesion and adhesion forces −Interaction with surfaces −Surface tension −Capillary action −Fluidity −Viscosity

| SectionChapter | Forces of interaction The Macroscopic World: Properties of liquids 68

| SectionChapter | Surfaces The Macroscopic World: Properties of liquids 69 Hydrophilic Surface Hydrophobic Surface

| SectionChapter | Liquid surfaces Surface Tension −Measures the difference between a liquid molecule’s attraction to other liquid molecules and to the surrounding fluid (above). The Macroscopic World: Properties of liquids 70 indianapublicmedia.org

| SectionChapter | Capillary action The Macroscopic World: Properties of liquids 71

| SectionChapter | To flow or not to flow The Macroscopic World: Properties of liquids 72 Viscosity −Resistance to flow −Quickness or slowness of fluid flow Volume of Fluid Flowing through a Pipe Velocity of a Sphere Falling through the Fluid

| SectionChapter | Fluidity The Macroscopic World: Properties of liquids 73 Laminar Flow −Molecules moving in one direction, longitudinally Turbulent Flow −Molecules moving in random directions with net longitudinal flow

| SectionChapter | Fluidity The Macroscopic World: Properties of liquids 74

The Macroscopic World: Applications Introduction to Nanophysics and Nanochemistry

| SectionChapter | Cleaning up The Macroscopic World: Applications 76

| SectionChapter | Carbon nanotubes The Macroscopic World: Applications 77 Exploring Uses −Enclose atoms and molecules −Enclose other carbon nanotubes −Application in batteries for electric vehicles −Used as a “frictionless” axle and bearing in a nanomotor −Changeable electric properties

| SectionChapter | Solar cells The Macroscopic World: Applications 78 Current and Potential Applications −Alternatives to silica −Improve efficiency in light absorbance −Thin and flexible films −Cost reduction

| SectionChapter | Miniature laboratory The Macroscopic World: Applications 79

| SectionChapter | Nanocatalyst The Macroscopic World: Applications 80

| SectionChapter | Nanocatalyst The Macroscopic World: Applications 81 Encapsulated Enzyme Particles −Isolatable −Enhanced stability From thermal denaturation From proteolytic enzymes

| SectionChapter | Drug delivery The Macroscopic World: Applications 82 β-cyclodextrancamptothecin

| SectionChapter | Protein sensors The Macroscopic World: Applications 83 Process −Create a visible light diffraction grating with known periodicity and ridge height −Coat grating surface with an affinity label for a target protein −Characterize the diffraction wavelength at specific viewing angles −Expose coated grating to biological sample containing target protein; isolate protein coated diffraction grating −Monitor changes in wavelength as a function of protein binding

| SectionChapter | Biological sensor The Macroscopic World: Applications 84

| SectionChapter | Other apps The Macroscopic World: Applications 85 Photonic Crystals −1-D to 3-D nanoscale voids for storage of photons Active Research Areas −Materials for information storage devices −Read/write mechanisms