United States Foreign Policy The conduct of one nation toward other nations

Goals of Foreign Policy National Security National Security Promote Trade Promote Trade Promote Peace Promote Peace Promote Democracy Promote Democracy Promote Human Rights Promote Human Rights Protect American Lives and Property Protect American Lives and Property

Who Makes Foreign Policy? The President The President –Negotiates treaties –Executive agreements –Summit meetings –Recognizes countries and ambassadors Congress Congress –Approves money –Declares war –Approves treaties and appointments

Other influences on Foreign Policy Public opinion Public opinion The American voters The American voters The Cabinet and other advisors The Cabinet and other advisors Needs of the U.S. Needs of the U.S. The Press The Press Other countries (allies & enemies) Other countries (allies & enemies) Past policies of the U.S. Past policies of the U.S.

U.S. Turns Toward Imperialism- End of 19 th Century Imperialism Imperialism The policy by which one country takes control of another either directly or through economic or political involvement The policy by which one country takes control of another either directly or through economic or political involvement

Eyes Toward Expansion- pg. 16 (Pages ) in The U.S. & Its People) Reasons for: Reasons for: Reasons Against: Reasons Against:

Reasons for Expansion “Keep up with the Europeans” “Keep up with the Europeans” Morally right to spread democracy, Christianity, and civilization Morally right to spread democracy, Christianity, and civilization “Survival of the Fittest” “Survival of the Fittest” Economic gain Economic gain –Markets –Raw materials –Protect trade & investments

Reasons Against Expansion Anti-democratic Anti-democratic Economic burden to build and maintain an empire Economic burden to build and maintain an empire Fears that American society would not be able to “assimilate” non-white people (nativism); Can’t make them “into” Americans…too different! Fears that American society would not be able to “assimilate” non-white people (nativism); Can’t make them “into” Americans…too different!

Pg. 17 Roots of U.S. Imperialism - Political Promote democracy in other areas of world! Promote democracy in other areas of world! Need to build our military strength Need to build our military strength –Importance of the Navy Alfred Mahan, The Influence of Sea Power on History (1890) Alfred Mahan, The Influence of Sea Power on History (1890) The Great White Fleet (1907 circumnavigation of globe) The Great White Fleet (1907 circumnavigation of globe) Global competition for colonies Global competition for colonies –Europe involved in Asia and Africa Other nations are doing this – US doesn’t want to be left out Other nations are doing this – US doesn’t want to be left out

Roots of Imperialism - Economic Industrialization of the U.S. Industrialization of the U.S. –Need raw materials –Need markets for manufactured goods

Roots of Imperialism - Cultural Social Darwinism Social Darwinism –“Survival of the Fittest” –Free market competition Superiority of Americans Superiority of Americans –Spread Christianity –Promote the American way of life

Purchase of Alaska Purchased from Russia for $7.2 million Purchased from Russia for $7.2 million Reasons for: Reasons for: –Strategic location –Valuable resources – lumber, minerals (later gold & oil Reasons Against: Reasons Against: –“Seward’s Ice Box” –“Seward’s Folly”

Acquisition of Hawaii Annexed after American business backed revolution in 1898 Annexed after American business backed revolution in 1898 Reasons for: Reasons for: –Sugar plantations –Naval base at Pearl Harbor Reasons against: Reasons against: –Not democratic process – Hawaiian people did not vote to be annexed