Dr. Richard Gautheir B.Sc. M.I.T. in 1967 in physics M.Sc. University of Illinois 1971 in physics Ph.D. Stanford University 1977 in psychology
Peace Corps in Ghana Applied Psychologist Computer information display design, Bell Labs Ecological Advisor, Poland Yoga Psychology Teacher, Washington, DC and throughout Europe, Physics Adjunct instructor (since 2006) and SSU (since 2011). Has ongoing theoretical research in Quantum theory and Cosmology.
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We know that there are some bacteria DIRECTLY beneficial to humans. Are there viruses, similar to bacteria, that DIRECTLY benefit humans?
They are dead (or unconscious!) No Engineered to attack bacteria or specific cell....No Remember Phage? YES
Since ancient times, reports of river waters having the ability to cure infectious diseases have been documented, such as leprosy In 1896, Ernest Hanbury Hankin reported that something in the waters of the Ganges and Yamuna rivers in India had marked antibacterial action against cholera and could pass through a very fine porcelain filter.Ernest Hanbury HankinGanges YamunaIndia antibacterialcholera
FDA and USDA have approved ListShield as a food additive to target and kill Listeria monocytogenes.Listeria monocytogenes Also used for for treating ready-to-eat (RTE) poultry and meat products.
The winner is….
“I am not afraid of an army of lions led by a sheep, I am afraid of an army of sheep led by a lion” ― Alexander the great
Last week we covered several Billion years in 2 hours We will slow down this week We will cover only several million years!
Pre-historic and Ancient (Up to 500 AD)
It used to be “Oldowan” stone tools around 2.6 million years ago.
More than 3 million years ago
Fossilized bones scarred by hack marks reveal that our human ancestors were using stone tools and eating meat from large mammals nearly a million years earlier than previously thought. From:
According to a new study that pushes back both of these human activities to roughly 3.4 million years ago. From:
Animal horns Plants thorn Bird’s beak
Human ancestors were using stone-tipped spears to hunt 500,000 years ago, 200,000 years earlier than previously thought.
Creating a stone-tipped spear would have required attaching stone to wood handling multiple types of material at once planning goal-oriented behavior.
The stone tips were found at an archaeological site called Kathu Pan 1 in the 1980s. In 2010, the tips were dated. By SINDYA N. BHANOO, Published: November 19, 2012, NYTimes.
The scientists unearthed 64,000 year-old "stone points", which they say were probably arrow heads. Bows and Arrow
Closer inspection of the ancient weapons revealed remnants of blood and bone that provided clues about how they were used. Bows and Arrow
The shape of the geometric pieces indicated where it had been impacted and damaged, and how they were hafted. Bows and Arrow
“ This showed that the pieces were very likely to have been the tips of projectiles – rather than sharp points on the end of hand-held spears,” Bows and Arrow
The arrow heads also contained traces of glue - plant-based resin that the scientists think was used to fasten them onto a wooden or reed shaft. Dr Marlize Lombard, a researcher and lecturer in Anthropology at the University of Johannesburg (UJ). Bows and Arrow
The oldest sword-like weapons are found at Arslantepe, Turkey, and date to around 3300 BC.
However, it is generally considered that these are longer daggers, and not the first ancestors of swords.
Sword blades longer than 60 cm (24 in) were rare and not practical until the late Bronze Age At longer lengths, the tensile strength of bronze starts to decrease radically, and consequently longer blades would bend easily.
It was not until the development of stronger alloys such as steel, and improved heat treatment processes that long swords became practical for combat.
Early “iron” swards were hardened by cold working, same as bronze age swards. Later on, with the advancement of blacksmithery, Carburization was employed in sword making.
Damascus Sward created from wootz steel, a steel developed in India around 300 BC. Traces of nanowire and carbon nanotube were found. (2006 report)
Sword of Goujian (about 2700 years old) The body of the blade is mainly made of copper, making it more pliant and less likely to shatter The edges have more tin content, making them harder and capable of retaining a sharper edge
Hallstatt (900 BC) Made from bronze or iron. The power to deliver the slashing blow (heavy blades, thick necks), with no attempt to preserve the power of thrusting (blunt, triangular points)
Roman sword (or Gladius) 3 rd century BC Blade strength was achieved by welding together strips, in which case the sword had a channel down the center. The owner's name was often engraved or punched on the blade.
Scimitar Swards (middle east) 9 th century AD Samurai (Katana) Swards (Japanese) 10 th century AD
Please answer: True or False? The “blood groove” (or fuller) is on a sword to release pressure in the wound and allow the sword to come back out
Catapult Invented by Greeks (400 BC) First trebuchets were used in China around 300 BC. Their use continued up to the Middle Ages.
Both Catapult and Trebuchet mechanism is based on Shadoufs (3000 BC by Egyptians).
We use it today in cranes and elevator (counterweight)
Stones Sharp wooden poles and darts Fire Casks of Burning Tar Burning Sand ( this became trapped inside armor ) Pots of Greek Fire Dung Dead, sometime mutilated, bodies Disease ridden bodies Body parts Dead animals Any rotting matter Quicklime FROM:
Primm Solar Thermal Project Ivanpah plant, Company: BrightSource Energy 377-megawatt power
One boomerang that was discovered in the Carpathian Mountains in Poland was made of mammoth's tusk Dated to be about 30,000 years old.
Egyptians used throwing sticks to hunt ducks (1000 BC)
The oldest Australian Aboriginal boomerangs are ten thousand years old
Boomerang is now evolved into many different shapes.
Used for warfare during the bronze and the iron ages. Biga required two horses, a triga three, and a quadriga required four horses. Bigatriga quadriga Invention of the spoked wheel was crucial to the development of chariots.spoked The earliest spoke-wheeled chariots date to ca BC Their use peaked around 1300 BC
The earliest fully developed true chariots dates back to 2000BC in in modern Russia and Kazakhstan.RussiaKazakhstan Chariot racing was the most popular spectator sport in ancient Rome. Chariots were used in battles by Egyptians, Persians, Chinese, Greeks and Indians. Romans used chariots mainly for racing.
In 332 BC Alexander the Great laid siege to Tyre, a coastal base of the Phoenicians.Alexander the GreatTyrePhoenicians In order to bring his siege engines within range, Alexander ordered the construction of moles.moles The Tyrians responded by attacking the first mole with a large fireship, which destroyed it. A large horse transport ship was packed with cedar torches, pitch, dried brush and other combustibles; above this were suspended cauldrons of sulfur, bitumen and "every sort of material apt to kindle and nourish flame". [ [
Both the Assyrians and the Judeans used fire arrows at the siege of Lachish in 701 BC.AssyriansJudeansLachish
More sophisticated devices were developed by the Romans which had iron boxes and tubes which were filled with incendiary substances and attached to arrows or spears.Romans These arrows needed to be fired from loose bows, since swift flight extinguished the flame. spears could be launched by hand or throwing machine.
Discovered in caves in France dating about 21,000 to 17,000 years ago. Tool that uses leverage to achieve greater velocity in dart-throwing.
Trained soldiers could let fly 10 bolts in 15 seconds. The small and light arrow of the comparatively weak Chinese crossbow had little penetrative power. For this reason the head of the arrow was sometimes dipped in poison, in order that a slight wound might prove fatal.
main use of the zhua was to pull off the shields of enemies, leaving them exposed to the clawed hand of iron.
wooden container filled with tubes in the shape of a hexagon, which, when viewed from the front, gave the weapon the appearance of a large honeycomb. Inside each of the tubes was a rocket propelled arrow. The rockets launched the arrows with more power and range than that of a traditional bow. Up to 32 arrows could be launched from a nest at once.
used in the arenas by the gladiators of the ancient Roman Empire. Made from hardened steel, the scissor measured up to one and a half feet long and 5-7 pounds
Greek name: Gastraphetes Believed to be built around 399 BC by a team of Greek craftsmen. Some researchers believe it was invented earlier.
The Ancient Iraqis would fill a terracotta jar with scorpions and then seal it. The jars were then thrown at the attacking army. The jar would break, releasing the scorpions either on the enemy soldiers or in the battlefield itself.
Goulash!