Everyone’s Been Hacked Now What?

OakRidge What happened?

Other Hacks What other hacks were mentioned? We know about HB Gary

So..... Kaminsky says, “No one knows how to make a secure network right now.

Do you know if you’ve been hacked? According to Richard Bejtlich, chief security officer for computer security firm Mandiant, which has helped Google and many other companies conduct forensics and clean up their networks after an attack, the average cyberespionage attack goes on for 458 days, well over a year, before a company discovers it’s been hacked. So if hackers are everywhere and everyone has been hacked, what’s a company to do?

New Realities What data needs to be and what does NOT need to be on the network How should data be transmitted?

The effect of IT controls on financial reporting Grant, Miller & Alali (2008)

What Standards does paper use for support? How are these standards used? What do they say (not say) about IT controls? SAS 94 SOX PCAOB AS #5

What IT deficiencies did the paper look at? IT deficiencies include controls related to software programs program implementations segregation of duties associated with access to computer accounting or financial reporting records problems with access to electronic data and programs What other controls might be important for accounting/auditing? Why weren’t they investigated?

SOX (a) Management statement of responsibility over Internal Controls & Assessment of Internal Controls 404 (b) Auditors must attest and report on managements assessment Report Material Weaknesses in Internal Control and Remediation Plan What are/define MW’s? Most Companies use COSO as Internal Control Framework

COSO & IT General IT Controls Ensure proper operations Application IT Controls Ensure proper functioning of software Processing of transactions Storage of Data

Findings IT Deficiency ranked 6th among all MWs (20% so 1 in 5) IT Deficiency -> Internal Control deficiency IT Deficiency -> accounting errors (Why?) revenue recognition receivables, investments, and cash issues inventory, vendor, and cost of sales issues financial statement, footnote, US GAAP, and segment disclosures issues IT Deficiency -> Higher Audit Fees

SOX 404 Reported Internal Control Weaknesses: A Test of COSO Framework Components and Information Technology Klamm and Watson (2009)

Overview Examined IT and non-IT Controls Material Weaknesses with respect to COSO Components Material Weaknesses were mapped to a specific COSO component IT Vs. non-IT MWs What is your assessment of the IT MW’s?

COSO Components Control environment Foundation Sets tone of the firm integrity, ethical values, competence, philosophy, and operating style of the firm’s managers and employees Risk assessment identification, analysis, and management of (operating, economic, industry, regulatory) risks that may prevent a firm from achieving its objectives Management implements control activities segregation of duties, approvals, reviews, reconciliations, and authorizations Information & Communication timely capture and dissemination of pertinent information on internal and external events communication among and between management, employees, suppliers, and customers Monitoring continual evaluation of the other components’ effectiveness.

Findings Weak Control Environment is related to other weaknesses in COSO components Weak Monitoring is related to weak risk assessment and control activities Financial Statement reliability is affected by the number of weak COSO components IT related MW’s are associated with a greater amount of non-IT related MW’s IT related MW’s are related with: More misstatements Greater overall number of MWs

Information Security and Sarbanes-Oxley Compliance: An Exploratory Study Wallace, Lin, and Cefaratti (2011)

SOX 302 What are the requirements? The signing officers have reviewed the report The report does not contain any material untrue statements or material omission or be considered misleading The financial statements and related information fairly present the financial condition and the results in all material respects The signing officers are responsible for internal controls and have evaluated these internal controls within the previous ninety days and have reported on their findings A list of all deficiencies in the internal controls and information on any fraud that involves employees who are involved with internal activities Any significant changes in internal controls or related factors that could have a negative impact on the internal controls

SOX 404 Assess Effectiveness of Internal Control No Prescribed Framework

Section 409 Issuers are required to disclose to the public, on an urgent basis, information on material changes in their financial condition or operations.

Section 802 all audit or review papers must be maintained for a period of 5 years How are audit/review papers maintained in 2012?

Frameworks COSO Model for controlling and managing Internal Control COBIT IT Governance / NOT IT Security Specifically What needs Controls ISO Specific IT Security Controls How To

ISO 1. Security Policy 2. Organizational Security 3. Asset Classification and Control 4. Personnel Security 5. Physical and Environmental Security 6. Communications and Operations Management 7. Access Control 8. Systems Development and Maintenance 9. Business Continuity Management 10. Compliance In all there are 124 recommended IT controls

Findings What is the Extent that ISO controls are in place? Most Common: Controls such as deploying antivirus software and authenticating remote users accessing the network Least Common Protecting equipment from unauthorized access and tracking the location of removable computer media

“Not Sure” Responses CPA’s selected “not sure” more frequently than non- CPA’s CISA’s selected “not sure” less frequently than non-CISA’s Certified Information Systems Auditor What Is ISO Category 8? 9?

Training Auditors with IT Training 35 more controls were likely to be implemented IT employees participate in SOX Compliance 55 more controls were likely to be implemented IT personnel received SOX compliance training 65 more controls were likely to be implemented

IT internal control weaknesses and firm performance: An organizational liability lens Stoel & Muhanna (2011)

Internal Control SEC definition: policies and procedures for the recording of transactions and maintenance of financial records Since modern enterprises are heavily dependent on integrated computer- based systems “internal control over financial reporting” process regulated by the SEC must include controls over the accounting and management process as well as over the organizational IT infrastructure and systems. Statement of Auditing Standards No. 94 (SAS 94) affirmed that the nature and characteristics of a company's use of information technology affect the company's internal control over financial reporting and requiring auditors to consider information technology as an integral part of overall internal controls (AICPA 2001). Therefore, SOX requires review of Accounting Internal Control as well as IT controls

IT Controls Pertain specifically to IT systems, processes and infrastructure used to capture, process and record raw transactional data corresponding to economic events as well as support the preparation of financial reports Encompass the management, operational, and technical safeguards or countermeasures prescribed for the firm's information systems to protect the Confidentiality Integrity Availability of those systems and their information What framework does this definition come from? When examining a companies IC – which framework do companies use? Which are prescribed? What does PCAOB AS #2 say about IT controls?

Overview What is the business value of IT Controls? What is the relationship between IT Quality and ROA? IT Control MW’s -> Lower ROA (Why?) What were the ROA for the 3 segments examined in this study?