1. Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill/Irwin 7-1 Chapter Seven Auditing Internal Control over Financial Reporting Chapter Seven Auditing Internal Control over Financial Reporting

2. Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill/Irwin 7-2 Management Responsibilities under Section 404 Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires managements of publicly traded companies in the United States to issue an internal control report that explicitly accepts responsibility for establishing and maintaining ‘adequate’ internal control over financial reporting.

3. Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill/Irwin 7-3 Management Responsibilities under Section 404 Management must comply with the following in order for its public accounting firm to complete an audit of internal control over financial reporting. 1.Accepts responsibility for the effectiveness of the entity’s internal control over financial reporting. 2.Evaluate the effectiveness of the entity’s internal control over financial reporting using suitable control criteria. 3.Support its evaluation with sufficient evidence, including documentation. 4.Present a written assessment of the effectiveness of the entity’s internal control over financial reporting as of the end of the entity’s most recent fiscal year. 1.Accepts responsibility for the effectiveness of the entity’s internal control over financial reporting. 2.Evaluate the effectiveness of the entity’s internal control over financial reporting using suitable control criteria. 3.Support its evaluation with sufficient evidence, including documentation. 4.Present a written assessment of the effectiveness of the entity’s internal control over financial reporting as of the end of the entity’s most recent fiscal year.

4. Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill/Irwin 7-4 Auditor Responsibilities under Section 404 The entity’s independent auditor must audit and report on management’s assertion about the effectiveness of internal control. The auditor is required to conduct an ‘integrated audit’ of the entity’s internal control over financial reporting and its financial statements.

5. Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill/Irwin 7-5 Internal Control over Financial Reporting Defined Internal control over financial reporting is defined as a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). Controls include procedures that: 1.Pertain to the maintenance of records that fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company. 2.Provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded in accordance with GAAP. 3.Provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the company’s assets. 1.Pertain to the maintenance of records that fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company. 2.Provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded in accordance with GAAP. 3.Provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the company’s assets.

6. Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill/Irwin 7-6 Internal Control Deficiencies Defined Material Consequential Inconsequential RemoteMore than remote Material weakness Significant deficiency Insignificant deficiency L I K E L I H O O D MAGNITUDEMAGNITUDEMAGNITUDEMAGNITUDE

7. Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill/Irwin 7-7 Management’s Assessment Process Management must: 1.Design and implement an effective system of internal control. This process involves determining whether a necessary control is missing or an existing control is not properly designed. 2.Develop an ongoing assessment process for the internal controls in place. Management must assess the likelihood that failure of a control could result in a misstatement. 3.Management must decide which business units to include in the assessment process. Management must: 1.Design and implement an effective system of internal control. This process involves determining whether a necessary control is missing or an existing control is not properly designed. 2.Develop an ongoing assessment process for the internal controls in place. Management must assess the likelihood that failure of a control could result in a misstatement. 3.Management must decide which business units to include in the assessment process.

8. Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill/Irwin 7-8 Management’s Documentation Management must develop sufficient documentation to support its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control. This documentation may take many forms, such as paper, electronic files, or other media. It also includes policy manuals, job descriptions, flowcharts, and process models.

9. Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill/Irwin 7-9 Framework Used by Management to Conduct Its Assessment Most entities use the framework developed by COSO. This framework identifies three primary objectives of internal control: (1) reliable financial reporting; (2) efficiency and effectiveness of operations; and (3) compliance with laws and regulations. COSO

10. Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill/Irwin 7-10 Performing an Audit of Internal Control over Financial Reporting Plan the engagement. Evaluate management’s assessment process. The auditor typically obtains his or her understanding of management’s assessment process through inquiry of management and others.

11. Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill/Irwin 7-11 Performing an Audit of Internal Control over Financial Reporting Plan the engagement. Evaluate management’s assessment process. Obtain and document an understanding of internal control. As part of gaining this understanding the auditor must: 1.Understand and assess company-level controls. 2.Evaluate the effectiveness of the audit committee. 3.Identify significant accounts. 4.Identify relevant financial statement assertions. 1.Understand and assess company-level controls. 2.Evaluate the effectiveness of the audit committee. 3.Identify significant accounts. 4.Identify relevant financial statement assertions. 5.Identify significant processes and major classes of transactions. 6.Understand the period-end financial reporting process. 7.Perform walkthroughs. 8.Identify controls to test. 5.Identify significant processes and major classes of transactions. 6.Understand the period-end financial reporting process. 7.Perform walkthroughs. 8.Identify controls to test.

12. Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill/Irwin 7-12 Performing an Audit of Internal Control over Financial Reporting Plan the engagement. Evaluate the management’s assessment process. Obtain and document an understanding of internal control. Evaluate the design effectiveness of internal control. Controls are effectively designed when they prevent or detect errors or fraud that could result in material misstatements in the financial statements.

13. Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill/Irwin 7-13 Performing an Audit of Internal Control over Financial Reporting Plan the engagement. Evaluate the management’s assessment process. Obtain and document an understanding of internal control. Evaluate the design effectiveness of internal control. Test and evaluate the operating effectiveness of internal control. In testing the effectiveness of controls, the auditor needs to consider the nature, timing, and extent of testing.

14. Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill/Irwin 7-14 Performing an Audit of Internal Control over Financial Reporting Plan the engagement. Evaluate the management’s assessment process. Obtain and document an understanding of internal control. Evaluate the design effectiveness of internal control. Test and evaluate the operating effectiveness of internal control. Form an opinion of the effectiveness of internal control. The auditor should evaluate all evidence before forming an opinion on internal control, including (1) the adequacy of management’s assessment, (2) the results of the auditor’s evaluation, (3) the negative results of substantive procedures performed, (4) any control deficiencies.

15. Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill/Irwin 7-15 Written Representations In addition to the management representations obtained as part of a financial statement audit, the auditor also obtains written representations from management related to the audit of internal control over financial reporting. Failure to obtain written representations from management, including management’s refusal to furnish them, constitutes a limitation on the scope of the audit sufficient to preclude an unqualified opinion.

16. Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill/Irwin 7-16 Auditor Documentation Requirements The auditor must properly document the processes, procedures, judgments, and results relating to the audit of internal control. When an entity has effective internal control over financial reporting, the auditor should be able to perform sufficient testing of controls to assess control risk for all relevant assertions at a low level.

17. Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill/Irwin 7-17 Reporting on Internal Control Sarbanes-Oxley requires management’s description of internal control to include: 1.A statement of management’s responsibility for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control. 2.A statement identifying the framework used by management to conduct the required assessment of the effectiveness of the company’s internal control. 3.An assessment of the effectiveness of the company’s internal control as of the end of the most recent fiscal year, including an explicit statement as to whether internal control is effective. 4.A statement that the public account firm that audited the financial statements included in the annual report has issued an attestation report on management’s assessment of internal control. 1.A statement of management’s responsibility for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control. 2.A statement identifying the framework used by management to conduct the required assessment of the effectiveness of the company’s internal control. 3.An assessment of the effectiveness of the company’s internal control as of the end of the most recent fiscal year, including an explicit statement as to whether internal control is effective. 4.A statement that the public account firm that audited the financial statements included in the annual report has issued an attestation report on management’s assessment of internal control.

18. Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill/Irwin 7-18 The Auditor’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting Once the auditor has completed the audit of internal control, he or she must issue an appropriate report to accompany management’s assessment, published in the company’s annual report.

19. Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill/Irwin 7-19 Types of Reports Relating to the Audit of Internal Control The auditor’s report contains opinions on two separate items: (1) management’s assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, and (2) the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting based on the auditor’s independent audit work.

20. Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill/Irwin 7-20 Types of Reports Relating to the Audit of Internal Control Opinion An unqualified opinion signifies that the client’s internal control is designed and operating effectively. A qualified opinion is issued when there is a limitation on the scope of the auditor’s work. A serious scope limitation requires the auditor to disclaim an opinion. An adverse opinion is required if a material weakness is identified.

21. Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill/Irwin 7-21 Types of Reports Relating to the Audit of Internal Control Report Modification Based on Control Deficiencies Likelihood of Misstatement Type of Audit Report Inconsequential deficiency Significant deficiency Material weakness Unqualified opinion Adverse opinion

22. Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill/Irwin 7-22 Types of Reports Relating to the Audit of Internal Control Report Modification Based on Scope Limitation Reason for Scope Limitation Type of Audit Report Minor effect Management imposed/ more than minor effect Sever limitation Unqualified opinion Disclaim opinion or withdraw Qualified opinion

23. Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill/Irwin 7-23 Elements of the Auditor’s Report 1.A title that includes the word ‘independent.’ 2.An identification of management’s conclusion about the effectiveness of the company’s internal control over financial reporting. 3.A definition of internal control over financial reporting. 4.A statement that the auditor planned and performed the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control is maintained. 5.A statement that an audit includes obtaining an understanding of internal control, valuating management’s assessment of testing the design and effectiveness of internal control and any other procedures. 6.A paragraph stating that internal control may not prevent or detect misstatements because of inherent limitations. 7.The auditor’s opinion on whether management’s assessment of the effectiveness of internal control is fairly stated. 8.The auditor’s opinion on whether the company maintained effective internal control.

24. Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill/Irwin 7-24 Integrating the Audits of Internal Control and Financial Statements An integrated audit is composed of the audits of internal control and the financial statements. The control testing impacts the planned substantive procedures. Also, the results of the substantive procedures are considered in the evaluation of internal control. Tests of internal control Substantive audit procedures

25. Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill/Irwin 7-25 Effect of the Audit of Internal Control on the Financial Statement Audit If the auditor performs an integrated audit, he or she will have access to a large amount of information about the client’s controls. This information can make the financial statement audit more efficient and result in reduced substantive procedures. Regardless of the level of control risk in connection with the audit of the financial statements, auditing standards require the auditor to perform some substantive procedures for all significant accounts and disclosures.

26. Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill/Irwin 7-26 Effect of the Financial Statement Audit on the Audit of Internal Control The effectiveness of the audit of internal controls should lead the auditor to determine the implications of these findings on the financial statement audit. The auditor’s evaluation should include: 1.Misstatements detected. 2.The auditor’s risk evaluations in connection with the selection and application of substantive procedures, especially those related to fraud. 3.Findings with respect to illegal acts and related party transactions. 4.Indications of management bias in making accounting estimates and in selecting accounting principles. 1.Misstatements detected. 2.The auditor’s risk evaluations in connection with the selection and application of substantive procedures, especially those related to fraud. 3.Findings with respect to illegal acts and related party transactions. 4.Indications of management bias in making accounting estimates and in selecting accounting principles.

27. Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill/Irwin 7-27 Special Considerations for an Audit of Internal Control Special consideration by management and the auditor Using the work of others. Multi-locations and business units. Service organizations. Safeguarding assets.

28. Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill/Irwin 7-28 Using the Work of Others In determining the extent to which the auditor may use the work of others, the auditor should: o Evaluate the nature of the controls subjected to the work of others. o Evaluate the competence and objectivity of the individuals who performed the work. o Test some of the work performed by others to evaluate the quality and effectiveness of their work. o Evaluate the nature of the controls subjected to the work of others. o Evaluate the competence and objectivity of the individuals who performed the work. o Test some of the work performed by others to evaluate the quality and effectiveness of their work.

29. Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill/Irwin 7-29 Testing Multi-location Total number of units = 150 Is unit individually important? Are there specific significant risks? Are there units that are not important even when aggregated? Are there documented company-level controls over this group? No No No No 135 Evaluate documents and test controls over significant accounts at each location. 15 Yes 130 Evaluate documents and test controls over specific risks. 5 Yes No further action required. 70 60 Yes Evaluate documents and test company-level controls over group. Some testing of controls at individual locations. Yes

30. Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill/Irwin 7-30 Safeguarding of Assets Safeguarding of assets is defined as policies and procedures that ‘provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.’

31. Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill/Irwin 7-31 Computer-Assisted Audit Techniques Computer-assisted audit techniques include: o Generalized audit software packages. o Custom audit software. o Test data. Computer-assisted audit techniques include: o Generalized audit software packages. o Custom audit software. o Test data.

32. Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill/Irwin 7-32 Generalized Audit Software

33. Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill/Irwin 7-33 Custom Audit Software Custom audit software is generally written by auditors for specific audit tasks. It may be required when the client’s computer system is not compatible with the auditor’s generalized audit software. Custom software: (1) Is expensive to develop. (2) Requires extended development time. (3) Is limited in scope of functions. Custom software: (1) Is expensive to develop. (2) Requires extended development time. (3) Is limited in scope of functions.

34. Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill/Irwin 7-34 Test Data This is data developed by the auditor to test the application controls in the client’s computer programs. The technique can be used to check (1) data validation controls and error detection routines, (2) processing logic controls, (3) arithmetic calculations, and (4) the inclusion of transactions in records, files, and reports.

35. Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill/Irwin 7-35 End of Chapter 7