JFK –LBJ- Nixon: Vietnam and Domestic Events

JFK – Domestic and Foreign Policy Increased military spending Bay of Pigs – US tried to overthrow Communist gov’t in Cuba (fidel Castro) CIA trained anti-Castro Cubans > info leaked to Castro Military disaster

JFK – Domestic and Foreign Policy Berlin Wall After the disaster of the Bay of Pigs > Khrushchev tries to intimidate JFK and get him to leave Berlin JFK refuses > Berlin Wall built

JFK – Domestic and Foreign Policy Cuban Missile Crisis Soviets places missiles in Cuba and aimed them at US Oct 22, 1963 > JFK ordered a naval blockade of Cuba Blockade was successful > no more weapons to Cuba and missiles were removed

JFK – Domestic and Foreign Policy Peace Corps: American volunteering to go to developing countries to assist > help to spread democracy Alliance for Progress > improve US relationship with Latin America

JFK – Domestic and Foreign Policy “New Frontier” April 1961 > Soviets orbit the Earth May 1961 > Alan Shepard orbits the Earth > Feb 1962 John Glenn orbits the Earth 3 times Civil Rights 1963 > Proposes 2 Civil Rights bill with help of his brother – Robert Kennedy (bans discrimination in business and voting) 1962 > 24th Amendment > prohibiting poll tax 1962 > U of Mississippi > James Meredith Nov 22, 1963 > Kennedy assassinated in Dallas, Texas by Lee Harvey Oswald LBJ takes over as President

Kennedy Assassination Beyond Conspiracy - Kennedy assassination - YouTube http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JbXI0WSlTGw

Pre-US Involvement During WWII – Ho Chi Mihn (rebel leader) approached the US for assistance in gaining their independence from France US refused to give Ho any time so he turns to China (Communism)

Fight for Independence Early 1950’s Vietnam is in a full scale revolt to get rid of the French The French want to leave but the US insists that they stay (domino theory) US gives France money and weapons to keep their occupation in Vietnam 1954 > French army massacred at Dienbienphu and withdraws

North and South Divided When Vietnam gained their independence, North and South Vietnam became divided North – Ho Chi Mihn (Communist) South – Diem (democratic)

Elections to Unify Vietnam Elections were suppose to be held the unify the North and South Diem and US knew that if the elections were held, Ho Chi Mihn would win and make Vietnam a Communist country So Diem kept stalling and pushed off the elections This led the many South Vietnamese turning against democracy and siding with Ho Chi Mihn and the North

Getting Rid of Diem President Diem became uncontrollable by early 1960’s Stopped listening to the US, who supplied him with weapons and $ to hold off Ho Chi Mihn Started to become greedy and only listened to his wife and brother-in-law Us had him assassinated in 1963

US Involvement under JFK After Diem assassination there was chaos in South Vietnam – no other leaders that could control the South US had to assert more control JFK increased # of US “advisors’’ already in Vietnam to 16,000

LBJ and Vietnam Escalation of Vietnam Gulf of Tonkin Resolution US boat attacked in waters off North Vietnam Congress gave President Johnson the power take all necessary measures to repel any armed attacked against US They never mention in Vietnam Like a blank check for the military Increases # of troops and starts Rolling Thunder

Rolling Thunder: Air Superiority vs. Guerilla Warfare

Why Fight? Prevent the Fall to Communism Stop Aggressor nations We are a SUPERPOWER and a DEMOCRACY

LBJ and the Home front Resistance to the War Anti-War Movement Hawks and Doves Teach-ins – college movement Draft resisters Hippies and Flower Children – Start of the Counter Culture Movement

A Country Divided

The Great Society LBJ’s domestic policy becomes known as the Great Society Extension of the New Deal Programs for the low incomes/ underprivileged More programs passed than FDR in his first 100 days

LBJ’s Downfall LBJ tries to do too much He can’t push his Great Society and the same time as fighting a controversial war He divides the country The federal government tries to hide the negatives and only reports the positive of the war Problem was there was live footage being sent home and the gov’t couldn’t control the TV

LBJ’s Downfall Johnson announces in 1968 that he will not seek another term as President Johnson's Speech

Nixon and Vietnam Escalates war even more to 540,000 Runs on a policy of Vietnamization – South is going to take more responsibility for the war Reduce US involvement Can’t reduce because South Vietnam is not strong enough

Nixon and Vietnamization Nixon orders more bombings through Rolling Thunder Invasion of Cambodia Bombings of the HO Chi Mihn Trail

Ho Chi Mihn Trail

More Unrest in the US Country gets more divided on the expansion of the bombings Kent State Protest

Kent State Protest

Bringing Home US Troops Dec 1970 Congress repeals the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution Sept 1972 > withdrawing of troops > only 60,000 left > Nixon continues the bombings Oct 1972 > cease fire is reached Nixon announces on the eve of election day> Nixon wins re-election Talks falter between two sides Jan 1973 > “Agreement on Ending the War and Restoring Peace in Vietnam’’ was signed US troops are withdrawn over the next few months

Results of the War Longest war in US history 57,000 deaths 300,000 wounded $150 billion spent on the war War Powers Act The President can sends troops into action for 60 days then must get permission from Congress to keep them in action (Congress never specifically gave the President permission for Vietnam > No declaration of war)

Civil Rights Movement NON-VIOLENT Sit-ins: a form of protests in which protesters seat themselves and refuse to move. (Greensboro) - ex. CORE created a sit-in to desegregate a coffee house in Chicago * protesters sat there until they were served * two outcomes > either arrested or served

Civil Rights Movement Freedom Rides: civil rights protest in which a racially mixed group of protesters challenged segregated buses and bus terminals by riding on buses - 13 riders, white and black - started May 4, 1961 > left Washington, D.C. - ended May 24,25 > mass arrests in bus terminal in Jackson, Miss. - violence endured throughout the trip Albany Movement: year-long protests in Georgia

Civil Rights Movement Selma March > walk from Selma to Montgomery to demand voting votes - 1st try stopped by police - 2nd try was successful * more people joined > 25,000 people * help from Johnson & federal government

Civil Rights Movement Kennedy gave support for the Civil Rights Movement - proposed a bill in 1963 > bill was blocked by Southern Democrats Johnson took over > said "the most eloquent way to honor Kennedy's memory was the passage of the civil rights bill"

Civil Rights Movement Civil rights Act of 1964 * prohibited voter discrimination & discrimination in public accommodations Voting Rights Act of 1965 - removed literacy tests and poll taxes - federal officials could register voters where state officials blocked registration of African Americans - 1965 > 400,000 African Americans registered to vote in the South

Civil Rights Movement VIOLENT Malcolm X > started the Nation of Islam - preached separation and self-help - black nationalism > a belief in the separate identity and racial unity of the African American community - "if someone punches you, punch them back"

Civil Rights Movement The Black Power Movement - Black Panthers > led by Huey Newton > Black Muslims are another civil rights group - same beliefs as the Nation of Islam on how to gain more rights by using violence

Other Civil Rights Movements Civil Rights Accomplishments (Civil Rights Act of 64 and Votings Rights Act of 65) spurr on other movements

Women’s Rights Movement Pushing for equality Betty Friedan and The Feminine Mystique ERA (Equal Rights Amendment) > dies after 10 years because not enough states approve

Native American Movement AIM (American Indian Movement) Addressed issues plagued Native Americans (poverty, crime, treaty issues and reservations Took over Bureau of Indian Affairs in D.C. and Alcatraz Oneida Indian Nation vs. NY ( S.C. ruled that Native Americans has the right to sue for their original land)

Hispanic American Movement Cesar Chavez (leader of movement) For better working conditions/higher pay for migrant workers Mostly on the west coast Formed the National Farm Workers Association > later becomes theUnited Farm Workers union