Manifestation of Novel Social Challenges of the European Union in the Teaching Material of Medical Biotechnology Master’s Programmes at the University of Pécs and at the University of Debrecen Identification number: TÁMOP /1/A

ETHICAL ISSUES Dr. Judit Pongrácz Three dimensional tissue cultures and tissue engineering – Lecture 27 Manifestation of Novel Social Challenges of the European Union in the Teaching Material of Medical Biotechnology Master’s Programmes at the University of Pécs and at the University of Debrecen Identification number: TÁMOP /1/A

TÁMOP /1/A No ethical issues raised Autologous cells No life threatening conditions

TÁMOP /1/A More ethical questions Advanced human tissue engineering therapies may also be used for life- threatening conditions Embryonic stem cells Xenogeneic cells

TÁMOP /1/A Regulation in Europe Best regulated at European level European framework laws Directives adopted by the European Commission and the European Parliament must be incorporated in national law

TÁMOP /1/A The most relevant documents Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU Convention on Biomedicine

TÁMOP /1/A Ruling in 2011 A single cell from an embryo can be considered as a human being.

TÁMOP /1/A USA Embryonic stem cells cannot be used Only established cell lines can be used in research Adult stem cells can be applied in research

ECONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE Dr. Judit Pongrácz Three dimensional tissue cultures and tissue engineering – Lecture 28 Manifestation of Novel Social Challenges of the European Union in the Teaching Material of Medical Biotechnology Master’s Programmes at the University of Pécs and at the University of Debrecen Identification number: TÁMOP /1/A

TÁMOP /1/A Biotechnology Medical Pharmaceutical Agricultural, etc

TÁMOP /1/A Significance in the US In 2001, 3,300 scientists and support staff worked in tissue engineering alone Over 70 start-up companies Investment of 3.5 billion US dollars

TÁMOP /1/A Significance in the EU Fast growing STILL No venture capital in Europe

TÁMOP /1/A Big Pharma Refocusing to cell based therapies Novel therapeutic approaches just in treatment of diabetic patients alone